Table 1 Patient and hospital characteristics
Before propensity-score matching1 | After propensity-score matching1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Cases | Non-Cases | P-value3 | Cases | Non-Cases | P-value3 |
N (unweighted) | 1,120 | 29,759,178 | 1,084 | 3,252 | ||
N (weighted) | 5,515 | 146,295,097 | 5,346 | 15,999 | ||
Sex (%) | < 0.001 | 0.7550 | ||||
Female | 39.6% | 53.2% | 40.5% | 41.0% | ||
Male | 60.4% | 46.6% | 59.5% | 59.0% | ||
Unknown | 0.0% | 0.3% | - | - | ||
Age (%) | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 49.5 (20.0) | 59.7 (21.4) | < 0.001 | 49.6 (19.9) | 49.7 (19.9) | 0.9074 |
< 44 | 33.1% | 21.4% | 33.0% | 32.6% | ||
45 to 64 | 43.6% | 31.0% | 43.5% | 43.7% | ||
≥ 65 | 23.4% | 47.6% | 23.5% | 23.7% | ||
Race (%) | < 0.001 | 0.8093 | ||||
White | 53.6% | 54.9% | 53.3% | 55.9% | ||
African-American | 10.5% | 10.7% | 10.7% | 10.0% | ||
Hispanic | 13.5% | 7.8% | 13.6% | 13.3% | ||
Other/Unknown | 22.4% | 26.5% | 22.4% | 20.8% | ||
Primary expected payer (%) | < 0.001 | 0.7473 | ||||
Medicare | 33.7% | 51.1% | 33.6% | 31.2% | ||
Medicaid | 21.0% | 11.2% | 20.8% | 20.8% | ||
Private | 37.4% | 29.4% | 37.8% | 39.9% | ||
Other/Unknown | 8.0% | 8.3% | 7.8% | 8.1% | ||
High-risk conditions2 (%) | < 0.001 | 0.5281 | ||||
(A) Severely immunocompromised | 49.7% | 6.2% | 49.1% | 49.0% | ||
(C) Mildly/moderately immunocompromised | 25.1% | 45.5% | 25.5% | 23.8% | ||
(B) Critically ill | 20.0% | 20.3% | 20.0% | 21.8% | ||
(D) Major surgery or Pneumonia | 5.3% | 27.9% | 5.5% | 5.4% | ||
Number of Elixhauser comorbidities | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.7) | 0.0340 |
Median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | ||
Number of listed diagnoses | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 12.1 (4.8) | 8.3 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 12.2 (4.8) | 9.2 (4.6) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 11 (9–15) | 8 (5–10) | 11 (9–15) | 9 (6–12) | ||
Number of listed procedures | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 5.3 (4.5) | 2 (2.3) | < 0.001 | 5.3 (4.5) | 2.5 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 5 (2–8) | 1 (0–3) | 5 (2–8) | 2 (1–3) | ||
Abdominal procedures or surgeries4 (%) | 5.5% | 12.0% | < 0.001 | 5.4% | 4.9% | 0.5314 |
Geographic Region (%) | < 0.001 | 0.2629 | ||||
Northeast | 15.4% | 19.5% | 15.4% | 16.7% | ||
Midwest | 18.5% | 23.6% | 18.5% | 16.1% | ||
West | 31.9% | 18.2% | 32.4% | 33.3% | ||
South | 34.2% | 38.7% | 33.6% | 33.9% | ||
Hospital location (%) | < 0.001 | 0.6274 | ||||
Urban | 95.9% | 86.9% | 96.8% | 97.0% | ||
Rural | 3.1% | 12.7% | 3.2% | 3.0% | ||
Missing | 1.0% | 0.5% | - | - | ||
Hospital teaching status (%) | < 0.001 | 0.4091 | ||||
Teaching | 72.6% | 46.8% | 73.1% | 74.3% | ||
Non-teaching | 26.4% | 52.8% | 26.9% | 25.7% | ||
Missing | 1.0% | 0.5% | - | - | ||
Hospital bed size (%) | < 0.001 | 0.0668 | ||||
Small (1–49 beds) | 7.7% | 12.2% | 7.8% | 6.6% | ||
Medium (50–99 beds) | 15.2% | 23.7% | 15.5% | 13.9% | ||
Large (≥ 100 beds) | 76.1% | 63.6% | 76.6% | 79.5% | ||
Missing | 1.0% | 0.5% | - | - | ||