Table 3 Hepatitis E outbreaks in Africa
From: A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa
Country | Year | No. cases (deaths) | Clinical attack rate (population size) | Variance in clinical attack rates | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
By age | By gender | Â | ||||
Algeria | 1979-80 | 20 | NAa | NA | NA | [27] |
CARb | Jul - Oct 2002 | 715 | 2.7% | No significant difference | No significant difference | [34] |
|  | Jun 2004 - Sep 2005 | 411 | NA | The age group 18–34 years was more frequently anti-HEV IgM positive (91.2%) than those aged 1–17 (78.0%) or over 34 (64.9%) (p < 0.001) | Risk for infection was clearly higher in males than females based on IgG seroprevalence (OR = 2.04; 95% CI 1.21-3.45; p < 0.005) | [121] |
Chad | 1983-4 | 34 | NA | NA | NA | [27] |
| Â | Jun - Aug 2004 | 989 (30) | NA | NA | NA | |
Djibouti | Dec1992-Sep1993 | 43 | NA | NA | NA | [41] |
Eritrea | Oct 1988-Mar 1989 | > 750 | NA | 81% of the patients were between 18 and 30Â years of age among aged from 15 to 56. | The outbreak among military personnel; no female patients | [44] |
Kenyad | Mar - Oct 1991 | 1,765 (63) | 6.3% (n = 26,920) | Increased with age with a peak among those >30, while serologic attack rate is not different by age group | Clinical attack rate is 6.1% for male and 6.3% for female | [79] |
| Â | Jul - Nov 2012 | 349 (10) | NA | NA | 184 (54.3%) were females. | [80] |
Morocco | 1994 | > 75 | NA | NA | NA | [83] |
Namibiad | Jul - Oct 1983 | 201 | NA | Most common in persons aged 25–29 years old among patients aged 5–54 years old | 72% of 64 patients were male. | [86] |
Somalia | 1988 – 9, 23 months | 11,759 (346) | 4.7% (n = 245,312) | Increased with age groups: 5%, 13%, and 20% for those aged 0–4, 5–15, and >15 years old, respectively | Female-to-male ratio was 1.08:1 | |
South Sudan | Jul 2012-Jan 2013 | 5,080 | 7.4% | Persons aged 18–59 years had the highest attack rates | NA | [99] |
Sudan | Oct 1988 | ≥55 | NA | NA | NA | [122] |
|  | Jul - Dec 2004 | 2,621 (45) | 3.3%c,d (n = 78,800) | Being 15–45 years old was a risk factor for clinical HEV infection with odds ratio being 2.13 (95% CI, 1.02-4.46). | No significant difference | [100] |
| Â | Nov 2010-Mar 2011 | 39 e (11e) | NA | NA | Only pregnant women were reported. | [104] |
Uganda | Oct 2007 -Jun 2009 | >10,356 (160) | 25.1% (n = 19,098) | < 2 year olds (6.9%) vs. pregnant women (87%) | 22% males vs. 28% females (p < 0.001) | |