From: A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa
Country | % sero-prevalence | Sample demographics | Sample size | Year of sampling | Diagnostic methods | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkina Faso | 19.1 | Blood donors | 178 | 2010-12 | IgG | [29] |
11.6 | Pregnant women | 189 | 2010-12 | IgG | [29] | |
Burundi | 14.0 | Adults without chronic liver disease, 44.7 yrs old (±13.5) | 129 | 1986 | Total Ig | [30] |
Cameroon | 14.2 | HIV-infected adults, 38.1 yrs old (±11.3) | 289 | 2009-10 | IgG | [32] |
2.0 | HIV-infected children, 8.3 yrs old (±7.5) | 100 | 2009-10 | IgG | [32] | |
CARa | 24.2 | Patients attending the center for sexually transmitted diseases | 157 | 1995b | Total Ig | [33] |
Djibouti | 13.0 | Male peacekeepers in Haiti, 31.2Â yrs old | 112 | 1998b | Total Ig | [42] |
Egypt | 84.3 | Pregnant women, 24 yrs old (16–48) | 2,428 | 1997-2003 | Total Ig | [55] |
 | 80.1 | Patients with chronic liver disease, 48 yrs old (23–62) | 518 | 2000-2 | IgG | [57] |
 | 67.6 | Residents of two rural villages, 24.5 and 26.5 yrs, respectively | 10,156 | 1997 | Total Ig | [54] |
 | 58.6 | Pregnant women, ~33 yrs old | 116 | 2009 | IgG | [58] |
 | 56.4 | Residents of a semi-urban village, 1–67 yrs old | 140 | 1993 | Total Ig | [51] |
 | 51.2 | Waste water treatment plant workers, 47.1 yrs old | 43 | 2011b | Total Ig | [60] |
 | 50.6 | Waste water treatment plant workers, 20–60 yrs old | 233 | 2000b | Total Ig | [61] |
 | 45.3 | Blood donors, 18–45 yrs old | 95 | 1998b | IgG | [52] |
 | 54.1 | Four waste water treatment plant male workers, 20–60 yrs old | 205 | 1998-9 | IgG | [116] |
 | 39.6 | Haemodialysis patients, 8–20 yrs old | 96 | 1998b | IgG | [52] |
 | 38.9 | Healthy females, 21.8 yrs old (16–25) | 95 | 1995 | IgG | [50] |
 | 17.2 | Residents of a hamlet, 20.9 yrs old (<1-95) | 1259 | 1992 | IgG | [49] |
 | 0.0 | Healthy controls, 20–60 yrs old | 96 | 1998-9 | IgG | [116] |
Gabon | 14.2 | Pregnant women, 24.6 yrs old (14–44) | 840 | 2005, 2007 | IgG | [73] |
 | 0.0 | Villagers, 29 yrs old (2–80) | 35 | 1991-2 | Total Ig | [72] |
Ghana | 45.3 | Adult HIV patients (n = 402), 40 yrs old (±9.6) | 402 | 2008-10 | IgG | [32] |
 | 38.1 | Pig handlers, 36.5 yrs old (12–65) | 105 | 2009b | Total Ig | [77] |
 | 34.8 | Pig handlers, 32.9 yrs old (15–70) | 353 | 2008 | Total Ig | [75] |
 | 28.7 | Pregnant women, 28.9 yrs old (13–42) | 157 | 2008 | Total Ig | [78] |
 | 4.6 | Blood donors | 239 | 2012b | IgG | [76] |
 | 4.4 | 6-18 yr olds | 803 | 1993 | Total Ig | [74] |
Madagascar | 14.1 | Slaughterhouse workers | 427 | 2008-9 | Total Ig | [81] |
Morocco | 8.5 | Blood donors | 200 | 2000-1 | IgG | [85] |
 | 2.2 | 232 men and 259 women, 27.7 yrs old (±5.9) | 491 | 1995b | IgG | [84] |
Nigeria | 43.0 | Health care workers | 88 | 2008-9 | Total Ig | [90] |
 | 94.0 | Control healthy adults | 44 | 2008-9 | Total Ig | [90] |
 | 13.4 | Healthy and sick people, 29.8 yrs old (3–72) | 186 | 2007 | Total Ig | [91] |
South Africa | 10.7 | Urban (n = 407) and rural (n = 360) blacks, 42.4 yrs old (18–85) | 767 | 1996b | Total Ig | |
 | 2.6 | Medical students | 227 | 1992 | Total Ig | [97] |
 | 1.8 | Canoeists who have been regularly exposed to waste water | 555 | 1992 | Total Ig | [97] |
Tanzania | 6.6 | Women, 32.1 yrs old (15–45) | 212 | 1996 | Total Ig | [114] |
 | 0.2 | Healthy adults, 30.3 yrs old | 403 | 1992 | Total Ig | [112] |
 | 0.0 | Women, 24.5 yrs old | 180 | 1995 | Total Ig | [113] |
Tunisia | 46.0 | Healthy persons, > 60Â yrs old | 100 | 1991 | IgG | [106] |
 | 29.5 | Children with chronic haematological diseases | 34 | 1996 | IgG | [106] |
 | 28.9 | Polytransfused patients; adults (n = 59, 34.8 yrs old (20–61)) and children (n = 48, 7.3 yrs old (1–15)) | 107 | 2008-9 | IgG | [107] |
 | 22.0 | Healthy blood donors, < 40 yrs old | 100 | 1996 | IgG | [106] |
 | 12.1 | Pregnant women, 30.1 yrs old (17–52) | 404 | 2008-9 | IgG | [108] |
 | 10.0 | Healthy controls; blood donors (n = 100, 31.3 yrs old (20–58)) and children, (n = 60, 7.9 yrs old (1–15)) | 160 | 2008-9 | IgG | [107] |
 | 5.4 | Blood donors, 32.6 yrs old (±8.6) | 687 | 2007-8 | Total Ig | [109] |
 | 4.3 | Healthy persons, 20.7 yrs old (16–25) | 1,505 | 2008b | IgG | [110] |
Zambia | 42 | Urban adults, 18–64 yrs old | 106 | 1999 | IgG | [115] |
 | 16 | Urban children, 1–15 yrs old | 194 | 2011 | IgG | [115] |