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Table 4 Cox proportional hazards multivariable model examining risk factors for recurrent CDI

From: Risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) hospitalization among hospitalized patients with an initial CDI episode: a retrospective cohort study

Patient characteristics

Antimicrobials after iCDI treatment modeled as time dependent variables

Antimicrobials after iCDI treatment modeled as time independent variables

Risk factor

Hazard ratio

95% CI

Hazard ratio

95% CI

At admission to the hospital

    

  CDI case status

    

  HO CDI

Ref

 

Ref

 

  COHCFA CDI

1.80

1.41-2.29

1.78

1.39-2.27

  CA CDI

1.30

0.95-1.80

1.25

0.91-1.72

Number of hospitalizations in previous 60 days

    

  None

Ref

   

  1

1.25

0.97-1.61

1.27

0.99-1.64

  >1

1.40

1.04-1.89

1.46

1.08-1.96

  Age (per 1 year)

1.01

1.00-1.02

1.01

1.00-1.02

At the onset or during treatment of iCDI

    

  Gastric acid suppression

1.36

1.00-1.85

1.40

1.03-1.90

  Cumulative fluoroquinolone exposurea

1.24

1.09-1.41

1.42

1.25-1.61

Following completion of iCDI treatment

    

  High risk antimicrobialb

2.95c

2.25-3.86

1.86

1.42-2.42

  Fluoroquinolone

1.56c

1.63-2.08

0.86

0.64-1.15

  IV vancomycin

1.45c

1.09-1.92

1.05

0.80-1.39

  1. iCDI = initial episode of C. difficile infection.
  2. aCumulative fluoroquinolone exposure was modeled as a three node spline.
  3. bHigh risk antimicrobials included all cephalosporins, clindamycin, and penicillins.
  4. cExposure at any time t.