Demographic or clinical parameter | Patients without varices (N = 27) median (IQR) or number (%) | Patients with varices (N = 64) median (IQR) or number (%) | Univariable odds ratio [95% CI]* | P-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Â | Â | Â | 0.88 |
Female | 11 (41%) | 25 (39%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Male | 16 (59%) | 39 (61%) | 1.07 [0.43-2.68] | Â |
Age, years | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
15-29 | 6 (22%) | 11 (17%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
30-44 | 6 (22%) | 35 (55%) | 3.18 [0.85-11.9] | Â |
45-59 | 3 (11%) | 12 (19%) | 2.18 [0.44-10.9] | Â |
≥ 60 | 12 (44%) | 6 (9%) | 0.27 [0.07-1.10] |  |
Live within 5 km of the lake |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 19 (70%) | 11 (17%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 8 (30%) | 53 (83%) | 11.4 [4.00-32.7] | Â |
Working as a fisherman | Â | Â | Â | 0.002*** |
No | 27 (100%) | 48 (75%) | *** | Â |
Yes | 0 | 16 (25%) | Â | Â |
Highest education obtained | Â | Â | Â | 0.10 |
No or less than primary | 8 (30%) | 11 (17%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Completed primary | 12 (44%) | 45 (70%) | 2.73 [0.90-8.29] | Â |
Completed secondary | 1 (4%) | 3 (5%) | 2.18 [0.19-25.0] | Â |
Any college/university | 6 (22%) | 5 (8%) | 0.61 [0.14-2.71] | Â |
Source of water |  |  |  | < 0.001*** |
Piped/river/other | 27 (100%) | 31 (48%) | *** | Â |
Lake | 0 | 33 (52%) | Â | Â |
Poverty index** | Â | Â | Â | 0.61 |
≤ 4 | 7 (26%) | 20 (31%) | 1 [reference] |  |
> 4 | 20 (74%) | 44 (69%) | 0.77 [0.28-2.11] |  |
Alcohol use in the past week | Â | Â | Â | 0.19 |
No | 19 (70%) | 53 (83%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 8 (30%) | 11 (17%) | 0.49 [0.17-1.41] | Â |
Aspirin/NSAID use in the past week | Â | Â | Â | 0.54 |
No | 26 (96%) | 62 (98%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 1 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 0.41 [0.02-6.85] | Â |
Prior medical history | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Reported history of prior haematemesis | Â | Â | Â | 0.06 |
No | 21 (78%) | 36 (56%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 6 (22%) | 28 (44%) | 2.72 [0.97-7.65] | Â |
Reported history of prior praziquantel use | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
No | 22 (81%) | 32 (50%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 5 (19%) | 32 (50%) | 4.40 [1.48-13.1] | Â |
Clinical examination | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) | 83 (70–87) | 70 (63–82) | 0.67 [0.49-0.93]+ | 0.02 |
Heart rate (beats per minute) | 98 (88–110) | 105 (86–111) | 1.00 [0.98-1.03] | 0.78 |
Ascites | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
No | 24 (89%) | 32 (50%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 3 (11%) | 32 (50%) | 8.00 [2.18-29.2] | Â |
Hepatomegaly | Â | Â | Â | 0.98 |
No | 24 (89%) | 57 (89%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 3 (11%) | 7 (11%) | 0.92 [0.23-4.12] | Â |
Splenomegaly |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 23 (85%) | 5 (8%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 4 (15%) | 59 (92%) | 67.9 [16.7-275] | Â |
Encephalopathy | Â | Â | Â | 0.54 |
No | 26 (96%) | 63 (98%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Yes | 1 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 0.41 [0.02-6.85] | Â |
Investigations | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hepatitis B surface Ag | Â | Â | Â | 0.03 |
Negative | 25 (93%) | 45 (70%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Positive | 2 (7%) | 19 (30%) | 5.27 [1.14 – 24.5] |  |
Anti-Hepatitis C Ab | Â | Â | Â | 0.54 |
Negative | 26 (96%) | 63 (98%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Positive | 1 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 0.41 [0.02-6.85] | Â |
HIV | Â | Â | Â | 0.63 |
Negative | 26 (96%) | 60 (94%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Positive | 1 (4%) | 4 (6%) | 1.73 [0.18 – 16.3] |  |
Schistosoma CCA | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
Negative | 19 (70%) | 26 (41%) | 1 [reference] | Â |
Positive | 8 (30%) | 38 (59%) | 3.47 [1.32-9.11] | Â |
Portal vein, mm |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
< 13 | 25 (93%) | 3 (5%) | 1 [reference] |  |
≥ 13 | 2 (7%) | 61 (95%) | 254 [40.0-1614] |  |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 6.0 (4.0-9.9) | 4.2 (3.6-5.6) | 0.76 [0.64-0.91] | 0.002 |
MCV (fl) | 82 (71–89) | 74 (67–80) | 0.59 [0.37-0.92]+ | 0.02 |
Platelets (109/L) | 150 (103–215) | 103 (55–143) | 0.70 [0.45-1.11]++ | 0.13 |
PTT (seconds) | 28 (26–32) | 30 (27–35) | 1.69 [0.75-3.79]+ | 0.20 |
INR (ratio) | 1.2 (1.0-1.4) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 1.37 [0.51-3.63] | 0.53 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 8.8 (5.2-12.7) | 13.2 (7.7-21.7) | 1.07 [1.01-1.16] | 0.04 |
Albumin (g/L) | 35 (30–44) | 32 (28–39) | 0.74 [0.44-1.24]+ | 0.25 |
AST (U/L) | 22 (19–29) | 28 (19–49) | 1.23 [0.96-1.57]+ | 0.10 |
ALT (U/L) | 17 (14–27) | 23 (15–47) | 1.20 [0.97-1.49] | 0.09 |