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Table 2 The median responses of cytokines to M. tb PPD by timing of vaccination and population

From: Factors affecting immunogenicity of BCG in infants, a study in Malawi, The Gambia and the UK

Analyte (pg/mL)

Malawi

Malawi

The Gambia

UK

Malawi

BCG between 3–11 weeksa

BCG at 1 week

BCG at 1 week

BCG between 3–13 weeksa

Early vs late BCG vaccination

n = 40

n = 30

n = 24

n = 28

Fold differenceb

P valuec

Pro-inflammatory

      

IFN-γ

76

36.8

175.5

902

2.1

0.26

IL-2

1.6

4.2

1.6

10

0.4

<0.001

sIL-2R

1400

96.8

117.7

227

14.5

<0.001

IL-1α

1173

45.5

102.3

399

25.8

<0.001

IL-1β

17

22.1

36.7

27

0.8

0.61

IL-1ra

222

29.1

62.1

116

7.6

<0.001

IL-6

954

1149.1

2654.1

1881

0.8

0.069

TNF-α

139

81.3

87.5

111

1.7

0.030

TNF-β

4

1.6

7.7

14

2.5

0.19

IFN-α2

108

1.6

3.6

22

67.5

<0.001

Th2

      

IL-4

4

1.6

1.6

1.6

2.5

<0.001

IL-5

75

6.8

6.4

4

11.0

<0.001

IL-13

1434

41.6

19.4

47

34.5

<0.001

Th9

      

IL-9

10

1.6

1.6

1.6

6.3

<0.001

Th17

      

IL-17

60

7

5.4

26

8.6

<0.001

T cell regulation

      

IL-10

95

10.6

20

23

9.0

<0.001

T cell activation

      

IL-12p40

27.5

8.4

6.6

63

3.3

<0.001

IL-12p70

6

1.6

5.5

1.6

3.8

<0.001

Costimulation

      

sCD40L

186

30.8

18.6

153

6.0

<0.001

Chemokines

      

IP-10

3758

2517.2

1530.1

12798

1.5

0.006

MIP-1α

64

130.2

93

623

0.5

0.31

MIP-1β

709.5

348.3

300.5

961

2.0

0.019

MCP-1

15000

6381.3

1.6

9816

2.4

0.015

MCP-3

3065

2003

3242

860

1.5

0.004

MDC

2216

499.1

969.8

1415

4.4

<0.001

Gro

2725

2094

1646

936

1.3

0.11

RANTES

1093

330

1543

611

3.3

0.012

Eotaxin

33.5

46.1

33.4

29

0.7

0.001

Fractalkine

253.5

353.9

222.3

272

0.7

0.032

IL-8

14998

14549

8287

15892

1.0

<0.001

Growth factors

      

GCS-F

19.5

31

90.9

13

0.6

0.99

GM-CSF

717

117.5

127.6

376

6.1

<0.001

IL-3

49

1.6

1.6

1.6

30.6

<0.001

TGF-α

4.5

1.6

4.1

1.6

2.8

<0.001

FGF-2

111

21.1

35.6

99

5.3

<0.001

Flt-3 L

30.5

4.3

8

17

7.1

<0.001

IL-7

84.5

1.6

1.6

89

52.8

<0.001

EGF

14.5

14.5

11.1

16

1.0

0.99

VEGF

88.5

209.3

233.5

106

0.4

<0.001

PDGF-AA

506.5

179.2

112.4

108

2.8

<0.001

PDGF-AB/BB

381

305.2

801.5

106

1.2

0.92

  1. The median values of most cytokines and chemokines were higher in the infants vaccinated late compared with the infants vaccinated in the first week after birth in Malawi. In contrast, infants vaccinated within 7 days of birth in Malawi and The Gambia showed comparable median responses to PPD in many of the cytokines, compared with the Malawian infants who were vaccinated late. IL-15 was not included due to the undetectable levels in all of the infant samples.
  2. aThe data from the Malawian and UK infants vaccinated between 3–13 weeks of life were obtained from a previous study [18]. The median ages of late vaccinated Malawian and UK infants are 5 and 7 weeks, respectively.
  3. bThe fold differences of each cytokine response to M. tb PPD were calculated by dividing the median values of the Malawian infants with delayed vaccination (between 3–11 weeks of life) by those of early vaccinated infants (within 1 week of life).
  4. cP values for the median differences of each cytokine response to M. tb PPD between the two groups (Mann Whitney test).