Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of 1904 patients aged ≥5 years hospitalized with community-acquired acute lower respiratory infection from April 2007 to December 2009, Kampong Cham and Takeo provinces, Cambodia

From: Acute lower respiratory infections in ≥5 year -old hospitalized patients in Cambodia, a low-income tropical country: clinical characteristics and pathogenic etiology

  

Pneumonia [1]

Pleural Effusions alone [2]

ALRI with sequelae [3]

ALRI with normal CXR [4]

P values from comparisons between group [1], [2], [3] and [4] by Chi-squared or adjusted Chi-squared test

Grand total

Total

Cavitations [1a]

No cavitations[1b]

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

[1a] vs. [1b]

[1] vs.[2]

[1] vs.[3]

[1] vs. [4]

[3] vs. [4]

1904 (%)

959 (50.4)

289 (30.1)

670 (69.9)

169 (8.9)

455 (24.3)

321 (17.1)

     

Median age in years (IQR*)

53 (38–65)

51

50

52 (35–65)

52 (40–66)

60 (51–70)

44 (17–59)

NS

NS

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Mean age in years

50.0

48.6

49.3

48.3

51.0

59.0

40.5

NS

NS

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Age groups in years

            

 5-14

154 (8.1%)

82 (8.6)

0 (0.0)

82 (12.2)

3 (1.8)

1 (0.2)

68 (21.2)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 15 - 49

659 (34.6%)

368 (38.4)

144 (49.8)

224 (33.4)

72 (42.6)

97 (21.3)

122 (38.0)

<0.001

NS

<0.001

NS

<0.001

 ≥50

1091 (57.3)

509 (53.1)

145 (50.2)

364 (54.3)

94 (55.6)

357 (78.5)

131 (40.8)

0.249

NS

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Gender, male (%)

941 (49.4)

502 (52.3)

157 (54.3)

345 (51.5)

90 (53.3)

205 (45.1)

144 (44.9)

NS

NS

0.011

0.026

NS

Signs and symptoms on admission

            

 Wheezing

261 (13.9)

105 (11.1)

13 (4.5)

92 (14.0)

3 (1.8)

50 (11.0)

103 (32.8)

<0.001

<0.001

NS

<0.001

<0.001

 Dry cough

519 (27.3)

229 (23.9)

39 (13.5)

190 (28.4)

111 (65.7)

66 (14.5)

113 (35.2)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Time interval between presentation and symptoms onset in days (# of missing values = 112)

            

 Median (IQR)

6 (4–9)

6 (4–9)

7 (4–10)

5 (4–9)

6 (4–10)

6 (4–10)

4 (4–8)

<0.001

NS

0.032

0.004

<0.001

 Mean

6.3

6.3

7.0

5.9

6. 6

6.7

5.6

<0.002

NS

0.072

0.003

<0.001

Duration of hospital stay in days

            

 Median (IQR)

7 (4–11)

7 (4–10)

6 (4–10)

7 (4–10)

5 (3–8)

9 (6–14)

7 (4–10)

NS

<0.001

<0.001

NS

<0.001

 Mean

8.4

7.9

7.8

8

6.5

10.7

7.7

NS

<0.001

<0.001

NS

<0.001

Reports of medicine use prior to admission

            

 No antibiotic used

932 (48.9)

455 (47.4)

116 (40.1)

339 (50.6)

103 (60.9)

211 (46.4)

163 (50.8)

0.004

0.002

NS

NS

NS

 Intake of unknown origin

776 (40.8)

405 (42.2)

143 (49.5)

262 (39.1)

43 (25.4)

211 (46.4)

117 (36.4)

0.004

<0.001

NS

0.078

0.013

 Antibiotic used

196 (10.3)

99 (10.3)

30 (10.4)

69 (10.3)

23 (13.6)

33 (7.3)

41 (12.8)

NS

NS

0.087

NS

0.014

Patient outcomes

            

 Deceased

61 (3.2)

43 (4.5)

6 (2.1)

37 (5.5)

5 (3.0)

11 (2.4)

2 (0.6)

0.021

NS

0.076

0.003

NS

 Cured or improved

1264 (66.4)

572 (59.6)

117 (40.5)

455 (67.9)

79 (46.7)

321 (70.5)

292 (91.0)

<0.001

0.002

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Transferred

482 (25.3)

297 (31.0)

154 (53.3)

143 (21.3)

82 (48.5)

89 (19.6)

14 (4.4)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Escaped

97 (5.1)

47 (4.9)

12 (4.2)

35 (5.2)

3 (1.8)

34 (7.5)

13 (4.0)

NS

NS

0.066

NS

0.031

Reported co-morbid conditions

            

 Cardiovascular disorder

213 (11.2)

129 (13.5)

9 (3.1)

120 (17.9)

17 (10.1)

28 (6.2)

39 (12.1)

<0.001

NS

<0.001

NS

0.003

 Diabetes mellitus

195 (10.2)

111 (11.6)

32 (11.1)

79 (11.8)

22 (13.0)

40 (8.8)

22 (6.9)

NS

NS

NS

0.023

NS

 Renal disorder

136 (7.1)

80 (8.3)

25 (8.7)

55 (8.2)

8 (4.7)

33 (7.3)

15 (4.7)

NS

NS

NS

0.044

NS

 Liver disorder

16 (0.8)

10 (1.0)

3 (1.0)

7 (1.0)

3 (1.8)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.6)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NFS

Severe cases

188 (9.9)

121 (12.6)

15 (5.2)

106 (15.6)

11 (6.5)

14 (3.1)

42 (13.1)

<0.001

0.032

<0.001

NS

<0.001

Laboratory results**

            

 Leukocytosis (missing values = 12)

663 (34.8)

399 (41.9)

120 (41.7)

279 (42.2)

42(25.3)

133 (29.4)

89 (27.8)

NS

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

NS

 Elevated neutrophils count (missing values = 65)

629 (33.0)

378 (40.9)

114 (40.6)

264 (41.1)

40 (24.4)

127 (28.9)

84 (27.0)

NS

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

NS

 Lymphocytosis (missing values = 314)

99 (5.2)

46 (5.5)

7 (3.0)

39 (6.4)

8 (5.0)

22 (7.7)

23 (7.5)

0.004

NS

NS

NS

NS

Patients tested by microbiology method (excluding contaminated samples or cultures)

            

 Blood culture

1695 (89.0)

862 (89.9)

264 (91.3)

598 (89.3)

149 (88.2)

412 (90.5)

272 (84.7)

NS

NS

NS

0.015

0.012

 Sputum culture

888 (46.6)

464 (48.4)

185 (64.0)

279 (41.6)

37 (21.9)

270 (59.3)

117 (36.4)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.002

<0.001

 Blood or sputum culture

1789 (94.0)

905 (94.4)

280 (96.9)

625 (93.3)

152 (89.9)

437 (96.0)

295 (91.9)

NS

NS

NS

NS

0.016

 Sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB)

1682 (88.3)

850 (88.6)

280 (96.9)

570 (85.1)

140 (82.8)

434 (95.4)

258 (80.4)

NS

NS

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

 Nasopharyngeal/throat swabs by PCR (a)

1855 (97.4)

935 (97.5)

281 (97.2)

654 (97.6)

164 (97.0)

442 (97.1)

314 (97.8)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 Samples collected for bacterial & AFB etiologies (b)

1796 (94.3)

911 (95.0)

283 (97.9)

628 (93.7)

152 (89.9)

438 (96.3)

295 (91.9)

NS

NS

NS

NS

0.008

 Samples collected for bacterial & viral etiologies (c)

1747 (91.8)

887 (92.5)

275 (95.2)

612 (91.3)

147 (87.0)

425 (93.4)

288 (89.7)

NS

NS

NS

NS

0.064

Bacterial or viral yield ‡

            

 Positive blood culture

33 (2.0)

27 (3.1)

5 (1.9)

22 (3.7)

4 (2.7)

2 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

NS

NS

0.007

0.007

NS

 Positive sputum culture

272 (30.6)

138 (29.7)

44 (23.8)

94 (33.7)

8 (21.6)

95 (35.2)

31 (26.5)

0.029

NS

NS

NS

NS

 Positive blood or sputum culture (d)

300 (16.8)

161 (17.8)

47 (16.8)

114 (18.2)

12 (7.9)

96 (22.0)

31 (10.5)

NS

0.003

0.079

0.007

<0.001

 Positive AFB smear (e)

264 (15.7)

218 (25.7)

153 (54.6)

65 (11.4)

2 (1.4)

42 (9.7)

2 (0.8)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Positive PCR for viruses (f)

305 (16.4)

138 (14.8)

22 (7.8)

116 (17.7)

17 (10.4)

68 (15.4)

82 (26.1)

<0.001

NS

NS

<0.001

0.004

Bacterial etiologies†

            

 H. influenzae

114 (38.0)

52 (32.3)

13 (27.7)

39 (34.2)

0 (0.0)

46 (47.9)

16 (51.6)

NS

0.005

0.002

NS

0.022

 - In sputum 1

114 (41.9)

52 (37.7)

13 (29.5)

39 (41.5)

0 (0.0)

46 (48.4)

16 (51.6)

     

 - In blood 2

1 (3.0)

1 (3.7)

1 (20.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

     

 S. pneumoniae

53 (17.7)

22 (13.7)

6 (12.8)

16 (14.0)

1 (8.3)

23 (24.0)

7 (22.6)

NS

NS

0.009

NS

NS

 - In sputum 1

51 (18.8)

20 (14.5)

6 (13.6)

14 (14.9)

1 (12.5)

23 (24.2)

7 (22.6)

     

 - In blood 2

2 (6.0)

2 (7.4)

0 (0.0)

2 (9.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

     

 B. pseudomallei

28 (9.3)

25 (15.5)

10 (21.3)

15 (13.2)

1 (8.3)

1 (1.0)

1 (3.2)

NS

NS

<0.001

0.020

NS

 - In sputum 1

16 (5.9)

14 (10.1)

7 (15.9)

7 (7.4)

1 (12.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (3.2)

     

 - In blood 2

15 (45.5)

14 (51.9)

4 (9.0)

10 (10.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

     

 K. pneumoniae

43 (14.3)

28 (17.4)

10 (21.3)

18 (15.8)

2 (16.7)

8 (8.3)

5 (16.1)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 - In sputum 1

42 (15.4)

27 (19.6)

10 (22.7)

17 (18.1)

2 (25.0)

8 (8.4)

5 (16.1)

     

 - In blood 2

1 (3.0)

1 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

     

 P. aeruginosa

37 (12.3)

19 (11.8)

6 (12.8)

13 (11.4)

1 (8.3)

15 (15.6)

2 (6.5)

NS

NS

NS

NS

0.037

 S. aureus

11 (3.7)

5 (3.1)

2 (4.3)

3 (2.6)

1 (8.3)

4 (4.2)

1 (3.2)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 Other bacteria

39 (13.0)

22 (13.7)

4 (8.5)

18 (15.8)

7 (58.3)

9 (9.4)

1 (3.2)

NS

NS

NS

0.040

NS

 AFB-positive***

264 (15.7)

218 (25.6)

153 (54.6)

65 (11.4)

2 (1.4)

42 (9.7)

2 (0.8)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Positive PCR results ^

            

 Rhinovirus

151 (49.5)

68 (49.3)

10 (45.5)

58 (50.0)

8 (47.1)

30 (44.1)

45 (54.9)

0.007

NS

NS

<0.001

0.001

 Respiratory syncytial virus

54 (17.7)

23 (16.7)

5 (23.7)

18 (15.5)

5 (29.4)

11 (16.2)

15 (18.3)

NS

NS

NS

0.064

NS

 Influenza viruses

37 (12.1)

16 (11.6)

3 (13.6)

13 (11.2)

0 (0.0)

11 (16.2)

10 (12.2)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 Coronaviruses

31 (10.2)

18 (13.0)

2 (9.9)

16 (13.8)

1 (5.9)

11 (16.2)

1 (1.2)

NS

NS

NS

0.080

0.001

 Human metapneumovirus

14 (4.6)

7 (5.1)

0 (0.0)

7 (6.0)

2 (11.8)

2 (2.9)

3 (3.7)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 Other viruses

20 (6.6)

6 (4.3)

2 (9.1)

4 (3.5)

2 (11.8)

5 (7.4)

7 (8.5)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Mixed infections

            

 >1 pathogen (AFB, bact. or virus) (% = n*100/d)

63 (21.0)

35 (21.7)

16 (34.0)

19 (16.7)

2 (16.7)

22 (22.9)

4 (12.9)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 >1 bacterium identified (% = n*100/d)

24 (8.0)

12 (7.5)

4 (8.5)

8 (7.0)

0 (0.0)

10 (10.4)

2 (6.5)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 AFB and ≥1 bacterium identified (% = n*100/d)

30 (10.0)

24 (14.9)

16 (34.0)

8 (7.0)

0 (0.0)

6 (6.3)

0 (0.0)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 AFB & virus (% = n*100/f)

26 (8.5)

18 (13.0)

14 (63.6)

4 (3.5)

0 (0.0)

8 (11.8)

0 (0.0)

0.005

NS

NS

NS

NS

 >1 virus (% = n*100/f)

9 (3.0)

3 (2.2)

1 (4.5)

2 (1.7)

2 (1.7)

2 (2.9)

2 (2.4)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Overall etiology results

            

 Bacterial etiologies incl. AFB (% = n*100/b)

520 (29.0)

355 (39.0)

184 (65.0)

171 (27.2)

0 (0.0)

132 (30.1)

33 (11.2)

<0.001

<0.001

0.002

<0.001

<0.001

 Viral detection (% = n*100/a)

298 (16.1)

135 (14.4)

21 (7.5)

114 (17.4)

13 (7.9)

68 (15.4)

82 (26.1)

NS

0.033

NS

<0.001

NS

 Identified etiologies (% = n*100/c)

749 (42.9)

449 (50.6)

192 (69.8)

257 (42.0)

13 (8.8)

178 (41.9)

109 (37.8)

<0.001

<0.001

0.004

<0.001

<0.001

  1. IQR: interquartile range; NS, not significant (NS is displayed when p value is >10%); PCR, polymerase chain reaction;
  2. ALRI = acute lower respiratory infection; Other viruses include Parainfluenza viruses, Bocaviruses, Adenoviruses.
  3. **Hyperleukocytosis: Leukocytes count ≥11 for 5–10 year-olds or ≥10 for ≥11 year-olds.
  4. **Elevated neutrophils count ≥6 for 5–10 year-olds or ≥7.5 for ≥11 year-olds.
  5. *** % = proportion of AFB-positive by # of patients tested for AFB.
  6. ‡ % = proportion of positive results by # of patients tested.
  7. † % = proportion of positive bacteria by # of patients tested positive by sputum or blood culture.
  8. 1 and 2 % = proportion of positive bacteria by # of patients tested positive by sputum and blood culture respectively.
  9. ^ % = proportion of virus of interest by # of positive PCR.
Back to article page

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us