Figure 1

WHO 2007 algorithm for the diagnosis of TB in ambulatory HIV-positive patients. a) the danger signs include any one of: respiratory rate > 30/minute, fever > 39°C, pulse rate > 120/min and unable to walk unaided. b) for countries with adult HIV prevalence rate = 1% or prevalence rate of HIV among tuberculosis patients = 5%. c) In the absence of HIV testing, classifying HIV status unknown as HIV-positive depends on clinical assessment or national and/or local policy. d) AFB-positive is defined at least one positive and AFB-negative as two or more negative smears. e) CPT = Co-trimoxazole preventive therapy. f) HIV assessment includes HIV clinical staging, determination of CD count if available and referral for HIV care. g) the investigations within the box should be done at the same time wherever possible in order to decrease the number of visits and speed up the diagnosis. h) antibiotics (except fluoroquinolones) to cover both typical and atypical bacteria should be considered. i) PCP: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. j) advise to return for reassessment if symptoms recur.