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Table 4 Echocardiographic results in patients with Puumala hantavirus infection, compared to healthy controls

From: Cardiopulmonary involvement in Puumala hantavirus infection

 

Healthy controls

Acute phase

Follow-up

Number of patients

25

26a

21

Days post onset of disease

-

7 (6–9)

94 (89–114)

Age (years)

56 (48–65)

57 (47–65)

54 (45–64)

Females/Males

17 / 8

18 / 8

13 / 8

Heart rate (beats/min)

59 (52–67)

80 (60–91)**

70 (61–83)

Left heart function

   

Left atrium diameter (mm)

35 (32–39)

35 (30–40)

36 (31–39)

Interventricular septum diastole (mm)

9 (8–11)

9 (8–11)

9 (8–10)

Left ventricular diameter diastole (mm)

49 (46–53)

49 (44–51)

47 (45–50)

Left ventricular diameter systole (mm)

30 (25–31)

31 (28–35)*

29 (28–31)

Posterior wall diastole (mm)

8 (7–9)

7 (7–8)*

7 (7–8)

Left ventricle ejection fraction (%)

0.70 (0.62-0.74)

0.60 (0.55-0.70)**

0.63 (0.59-0.66)

Left ventricle stroke volume (mL)

74 (61–86)

62 (53–80)

76 (69–85)‡

Cardiac output (L/min)

4.2 (3.6-5.0)

4.8 (4.0-5.7)

5.5 (4.4-6.4)

Mitral flow deceleration time (ms)

185 (148–225)

160 (136–188)

161 (124–209)

Mitral flow E/A

1.0 (0.8-1.3)

1.2 (1.0-1.6)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

Pulmonary venous flow S/D

1.3 (1.0-1.5)

1.2 (1.0-1.9)

1.4 (1.2-2.0)

Left ventricle IVRT (%)

8.3 (6.6-9.8)

9.9 (8.9-11.9)*

10.0 (8.7-11.8)

Right heart function

   

Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg)

26 (23–31)

36 (31–46)**

29 (27–36)

Pulmonary vascular resistance (WU)

1.7 (1.4-2.7)

2.9 (2.1-3.5)*

1.8 (1.6-3.1)

Pulmonary artery acceleration time (ms)

137 (129–145)

116 (90–142)*

124 (110–133)

Right ventricle IVRT (%)

4.8 (2.5-7.6)

7.3 (4.0-9.0)

5.0 (3.3-8.8)

TAPSE (mm)

23 (21–27)

24 (20–27)

22 (20–29)

Left ventricular strain rate

   

Ventricular systole (1/s)

0.87 (0.76-0.96)

0.94 (0.77-1.10)

0.92 (0.75-1.13)

Early diastole (1/s)

0.98 (0.87-1.16)

1.00 (0.60-1.51)

0.89 (0.69-1.25)

Late atrial diastole (1/s)

0.90 (0.84-1.05)

0.70 (0.52-0.86)**

0.91 (0.60-1.12)‡‡

Left atrial strain rate

   

Ventricular systole (1/s)

1.41 (1.06-1.69)

1.28 (0.93-1.69)

1.69 (1.37-1.99)

Early diastole (1/s)

1.40 (1.16-1.86)

1.24 (0.76-1.94)

1.71 (0.94-2.14)

Late atrial diastole (1/s)

1.70 (1.25-1.97)

1.34 (0.91-1.57)**

1.72 (1.26-2.13)‡

  1. aOne patient with heart failure was omitted from statistical comparison with controls. E/A, ratio of trans-mitral early to late diastolic flow velocities; IVRT, isovolemic relaxation time (expressed as ratio of R-R interval); S/D, ratio of pulmonary venous systolic to diastolic flow velocities; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; WU, Wood units.
  2. Data are presented as median (25th-75th percentiles). P-values, determined by Mann–Whitney U test or Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, are expressed as * < 0.05, ** < 0.01 comparing patients and controls; ‡ < 0.05, ‡‡ < 0.01 comparing patients in acute phase and at follow-up.