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Table 2 Interaction between Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization in mothers

From: Interrelationship of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus colonization within and between pneumococcal-vaccine naïve mother-child dyads

Independent variable

Dependent variable

 

S. pneumoniae

H. influenzae

S. aureus

 

S. pneumoniae

PCV13b

Non-PCV13c

  

S. pneumoniae colonizationa

-

-

-

1.14(0.56,2.30)

0.83(0.63,1.10)

     PCV13

-

-

-

0.79(0.23,2.68)

0.85(0.60,1.21)

     Non-PCV13

-

-

-

1.49(0.65,3.45)

0.81(0.57,1.16)

H. influenzae colonization

1.48(0.74,2.97)

0.97(0.31,3.07)

2.03(0.91,4.54)

-

1.04(0.64,1.69)

S. aureus colonization

0.77(0.57,1.03)

0.76(0.52,1.12)

0.72(0.51,1.03)

0.66(0.40,1.08)

-

Age of the mother

0.94(0.93,0.95)

0.91(0.90,0.93)

0.93(0.91,0.95)

0.93(0.91,0.96)

1.02(1.01,1.03)

Influenza season (1-influenza season, 0-peri influenza season)

1.00(0.75,1.33)

0.96(0.65,1.42)

1.06(0.72,1.55)

1.52(0.85,2.74)

0.87(0.70,1.09)

Season of the year

1.16(1.01,1.32)

1.19(0.99,1.43)

1.05(0.89,1.24)

0.64(0.47,0.88)

0.88(0.80,0.98)

Any child between 3–6 years in the household (y/n)

0.72(0.51,1.02)

0.73(0.45,1.19)

0.70(0.45,1.09)

1.09(0.59,2.01)

0.80(0.59,1.08)

Use of Coal/Wood for fuel (y/n)

1.56(0.91,2.67)

1.40(0.65,3.01)

1.49(0.71,3.12)

0.66(0.09,5.04)

0.88(0.44,1.76)

Any child attending day care in the household (y/n)

1.20(0.89,1.62)

1.37(0.89,2.10)

1.01(0.68,1.51)

1.02(0.54,1.90)

1.10(0.83,1.47)

Any smoker in the household (y/n)

0.99(0.71,1.39)

1.00(0.64,1.57)

1.02(0.68,1.54)

0.81(0.48,1.35)

0.93(0.70,1.25)

Bacterial interactions

     

H. influenzae and S. aureus

1.50(0.54,4.17)

1.85(0.38,9.09)

1.34(0.41,4.42)

-

-

H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae

-

-

-

-

1.20(0.50,2.89)

S. pneumoniae and S. aureus

-

-

-

1.97(0.71,5.46)

-

H. influenzae and PCV13-serotype

-

-

-

-

1.55(0.36,6.64)

S. aureus and PCV13-serotype

-

-

-

2.33(0.49,11.0)

-

H. influenzae and non-PCV13-serotype

-

-

-

-

1.16(0.45,2.96)

S. aureus and non-PCV13-serotype

-

-

-

1.81(0.55,6.01)

-

  1. The table shows the odds of carriage (and 95% confidence intervals; 95%CI) of a particular bacterium given the presence/absence of other pathogens adjusted for other risk factors. Subjects who were not colonized by any pneumococci were the reference group. Seasons of the year were categorized as Summer (December–February), Autumn (March–May), Winter (June–August) and Spring (September–November). The timing of the influenza epidemic was determined according to the national influenza surveillance program conducted at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases aAll pneumococci, bPCV13 – serotypes included in the thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, i.e. serotypes 1, 3, 4,5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F, cNon-PCV13-all serotypes not included in PCV13.