Infectious pathogen | Diagnostic method | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Electron microscopy | Cell culture | Immunology | Molecular biology (PCR) | Reference(s) |
Viruses | |||||
Adenovirus | Low sensitivity (>106 viral particles/ml) | A549-, HEp-2-, HEK-cells | Antigen detection in faecal samples (ELISA, immunochromatography) | PCR | [90] |
Astrovirus | Low sensitivity (>106 viral particles/ml) | CaCO-2-, LLC-MK2-cells | Antigen detection (ELISA) | RT-PCR | [91] |
Bocavirus | - | - | - | PCR | [92] |
Coronavirus | - | - | - | RT-PCR | [93] |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | - | HFF-, MRC-5 cells | · pp65 antigen detection (immunofluorescence) | PCR | [91] |
CMV-immediate early1-pp72-antigen in HFF | · (CMV-specific antibody seroconversion) | ||||
Enterovirus | - | MRC-5-, HEp-2-, Vero-cells | - | RT-PCR | [94] |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/2) | - | HUT-78-, CEM-MOLT4-cells | · Immunoassay (e.g. 4th generation) | RT-PCR | |
· Western Blot | |||||
Norovirus | Sensitivity 105-106 viral particles/ml | - | Antigen detection faecal samples (EIA) | RT-PCR | [91] |
Parechovirus | - | - | - | RT-PCR | [97] |
Rotavirus | Low sensitivity (>106 viral particles/ml) | MA104-, CaCO-2-cells | Antigen detection in faecal samples (ELISA), rapid tests (ELISA, immunochromatography) | RT-PCR | [91] |
Sapovirus | - | - | - | RT-PCR | [91] |