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Table 1 Univariable analysis for risk factors associated with persistent Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia (cases) vs. non-persistent Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia (controls)

From: Can a routine follow-up blood culture be justified in Klebsiella pneumoniaebacteremia? a retrospective case–control study

Variables

Cases (n = 62)

Controls (n = 186)

OR (95% CI)

P

Age (± SD)

63.77 (± 14.58)

63.58 (± 14.34)

  

Male sex

45 (72.6)

135 (72.6)

  

Urinary tract infection

7 (11.3)

20 (10.8)

1.05 (0.43-2.58)

0.908

Intra-abdominal infection

12 (19.4)

22 (11.8)

1.82 (0.83-4.00)

0.136

Biliary tract infection

13 (21.0)

53 (28.5)

0.65 (.032-1.32)

0.236

Liver abscess

8 (12.9)

31 (16.7)

0.73 (0.31-1.72)

0.469

Pneumonia

8 (12.9)

18 (9.7)

1.36 (0.57-3.20)

0.487

Primary bacteremia

9 (14.5)

34 (18.3)

0.73 (0.31-1.72)

0.474

Central venous catheter related infection

2 (3.2)

4 (2.2)

1.50 (0.28-8.19)

0.640

Charlson’s CWI score (± SD)

6.29 (± 3.05)

5.52 (± 2.94)

1.14 (1.01-1.28)

0.037

ICU admission

18 (29.0)

30 (16.1)

2.12 (1.08-4.16)

0.029

Presentation with septic shock

22 (35.5)

53 (28.5)

1.35 (0.75-2.44)

0.316

APACHE-II score (± SD)

18.97 (± 9.28)

17.09 (± 8.16)

1.03 (0.99-1.06)

0.140

Pitt bacteremia score (± SD)

2.45 (± 2.67)

2.17 (± 2.45)

1.04 (0.94-1.16)

0.452

Nosocomial infection

34 (54.8)

55 (29.6)

2.96 (1.61-5.43)

<0.001

Previous antibiotic use ≤ 1 year

37 (59.7)

95 (51.1)

1.42 (0.79-2.54)

0.240

Immunosuppressive therapy ≤ 1 year

5 (8.1)

4 (2.2)

4.46 (1.05-18.95)

0.043

History of solid organ transplantation

4 (6.5)

2 (1.1)

10.18 (1.11-93.02)

0.040

Invasive procedure ≤ 72 hours before initial BC

20 (32.3)

30 (16.1)

2.56 (1.29-5.07)

0.007

Neutropenia ≤ 72 hours before initial BC

11 (17.7)

31 (16.7)

1.08 (0.50-2.33)

0.843

Presence of metastatic infection

5 (8.1)

9 (4.8)

1.67 (0.56-4.97)

0.360

Inappropriate drainage

11 (17.7)

20 (10.8)

1.81 (0.80-4.07)

0.154

Fever on the 2 nd day after initial BC

38 (61.3)

46 (24.7)

5.18 (2.64-10.16)

<0.001

Leukocytosis on the 2nd day after initial BC

23 (37.1)

60 (32.3)

1.22 (0.68-2.19)

0.499

Lack of CRP decrease on the 2 nd day after initial BC

26 (41.9)

43 (23.1)

2.38 (1.29-4.39)

0.010

Unfavorable treatment response on the 2 nd day after initial BC

27 (43.5)

30 (16.1)

4.69 (2.27-9.69)

<0.001

ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia

28 (45.2)

31 (16.7)

3.99 (2.09-7.63)

<0.001

Inappropriate empirical antibiotic use

22 (35.5)

24 (12.9)

4.02 (1.95-8.31)

<0.001

Length of time to empirical antibiotic administration from initial BC (minute, ± SD)

182.8 (± 221.3)

228.4 (± 434.8)

1.00 (0.99-1.00)

0.430

In-hospital mortality

19 (30.6)

34 (18.3)

1.96 (1.02-3.78)

0.044

Length of hospital stay (day, ± SD)

45.1 (± 43.0)

38.6 (± 74.9)

1.00 (0.99-1.01)

0.524

  1. Data are no. (%) of patients, unless otherwise indicated.
  2. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; CWI, comorbidity weighted index; ICU, intensive care unit; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; BC, blood culture; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESBL, extended-spectrum β -lactamase.