From: The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis
Citation | Year | Location | Sampling | Population characteristic | Sample size | Sero-prevalence | RNA prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outpatient clinic attendees | |||||||
Khalifa,93 [18] | 1990-1 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Children | 84 | 0.0% | N/A |
El-Nanawy,95 [19] | N/A | Alexandria city, Alexandria | CS | Children | 110 | 11.8% | N/A |
Miras,02 [20] | N/A | Tanta, Gharbia, Lower Egypt | CS | In/out-patient children living in HCV endemic region | 105 | 0.0% | N/A |
El-Raziky,07 [21] | 2004 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Children 1–9 yrs old | 1,042 | 1.4% | 0.5% |
Kandil,07 [22] | 2004-6 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Healthy children | 20 | 5.0% | N/A |
Antenatal clinic attendees | |||||||
Hassan,93 [23] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 1,536 | 4.3% | N/A |
Agha,98 [24] | 1996-7 | Mansoura, Dakahlia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 767 | 13.7% | 23.7% |
Kassem,00 [25] | 1996 | Alexandria city, Alexandria | CS | Â | 100 | 19.0% | 14.0% |
Stoszek,05 [26] | 1997-03 | 3 rural villages in Nile River Delta, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 2,587 | 15.8% | 10.8% |
Zahran,10 [27] | 2008-9 | Assuit, Upper Egypt | CS | Â | 500 | 8.0% | 7.4% |
Abdulqawi,10 [28] | 2003-8 | Benha, Qalubiya, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 1,224 | 8.6% | 6.8% |
Abo Elmagd,11 [29] | N/A | N/A | CS | 20-40Â year old mothers | 61 | 13.0% | N/A |
Blood donors | |||||||
Kamel,92 [30] | 1992 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Male university students, 20–27 years | 2,164 | 9.7% | N/A |
El-Zayadi,92 [31] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 76 | 5.2% | N/A |
Darwish,92 [32] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 90 | 14.4% | N/A |
Darwish,93 [33] | 1992 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 163 | 13.6% | N/A |
El-Ahmady,94 [10] | N/A | N/A | CS | Paid blood donors | 99 | 35.4% | N/A |
Quinti,95 [34] | 1992-4 | Alexandria city, Alexandria | CS | Â | 283 | 20.8% | N/A |
Bassily,95 [35] | N/A | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 188 | 26.6% | N/A |
El Gohary,95 [36] | 1990-2 | Suez city, Suez and Ismailia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 1,187 | 14.5% | N/A |
Attia,96 [37] | N/A | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 156 | 21.8% | N/A |
Arthur,97 [38] | 1993 | 24 Governorates | CS | Â | 2,644 | 24.8% | N/A |
El-Zayadi,97 [39] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 180 | 9.4% | N/A |
Gad,01 [40] | 1998 | Ismailia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 20 | 20.0% | N/A |
Tanaka,04 [41] | 1999 | 13 governorates, Upper and Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 3,608 | 8.8% | 6.2% |
Hashish,05 [42] | N/A | Alexandria city, Alexandria | CS | Â | 95 | 23.2% | N/A |
El-Gilany,06 [43] | 2002-3 | Mansoura, Dakahlia, Lower Egypt | CS | Student voluntary blood donors | 2,157 | 2.7% | N/A |
Agha,06 [44] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 2,400 | 8.0% | N/A |
El Damaty,07 [45] | 2001 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 2,845 | 7.6% | N/A |
El-Zayadi,08 [46] | 2005 | 26 governorates | Random | All blood donors | 760 | 5.0% | N/A |
El-Zayadi,08 [46] | 2005 | 26 governorates | Â | Female blood donors | 124 | 6.5% | N/A |
El-Zayadi,08 [46] | 2005 | 26 governorates | Â | Male blood donors | 636 | 4.7% | N/A |
Ismail,09 [47] | 2000-7 | Mansoura, Dakahlia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 55,922 | 12.0% | N/A |
Ashour,09 [48] | 2006-8 | 8 governorates | CS | Â | 515,758 | 4.8% | N/A |
Elkareh,09 [11] | 2008 | Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Family replacement blood donors | 4,709 | 12.7% | N/A |
Elkareh,09 [11] | 2008 | Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Blood donors | 3,569 | 6.3% | N/A |
Elkareh,09 [11] | 2008 | Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Family replacement blood donors | 8,705 | 14.6% | N/A |
Elkareh,09 [11] | 2008 | Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Blood donors | 414 | 8.7% | N/A |
Rushdy,09 [13] | 2006-7 | Suez Canal area | CS | All blood donors | 9,150 | 5.6% | N/A |
Rushdy,09 [13] | 2006-7 | Suez Canal area | Â | Male blood donors | 7,155 | 2.9% | N/A |
Rushdy,09 [13] | 2006-7 | Suez Canal area | Â | Female blood donors | 1,995 | 1.7% | N/A |
Eita,09 [12] | 2005-8 | Dakhilia, Lower Egypt | CS | Voluntary blood donors | 73,431 | 4.6% | N/A |
Eita,09 [12] | 2005-8 | Dakhilia, Lower Egypt | CS | Family blood donors | 113,504 | 5.5% | N/A |
Khattab,10 [36] | 2000-8 | Minya, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 211,772 | 9.0% | N/A |
Radwan,10 [49] | 2009 | N/A | CS | Â | 27,537 | 4.0% | N/A |
Wasfi,11 [50] | 2007-8 | Alexandria city, Alexandria | CS | Â | 3,420 | 3.5% | N/A |
Awadalla,11 [51] | N/A | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 1,000 | 16.8% | N/A |
Farawela,12 [52] | 2010-1 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 100 | 5% | N/A |
Rural village residents | |||||||
Abdel-Wahab,94 [53] | 1992 | Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 270 | 18.1% | N/A |
Kamel,94 [54] | 1992 | Sada, Kafr El Sheikh, Lower Egypt | All village residents | Â | 1,259 | 15.9% | N/A |
El Gohary,95 [36] | 1990-2 | Suez Canal area | CS | Healthy blood volunteers resident to rural area with high schistosomiasis | 271 | 14.4% | N/A |
El Gohary,95 [36] | 1990-2 | North Sinai, frontier | CS | Bedouin population with low schistosomiasis | 148 | 15.5% | N/A |
Darwish,95 [55] | N/A | N/A | CS | Healthy villagers and non-professional blood donors | 188 | 21.8% | N/A |
Darwish,96 [56] | 1994 | Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents:1–3 years | 12 | 0.0% | N/A |
Darwish,96 [56] | 1994 | Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: 4–9 years | 21 | 0.0% | N/A |
Darwish,96 [56] | 1994 | Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: 10–19 years | 46 | 8.0% | N/A |
Darwish,96 [56] | 1994 | Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: 20–39 years | 29 | 20.0% | N/A |
Darwish,96 [56] | 1994 | Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: 40–67 years old | 47 | 51.0% | N/A |
El-Sayed,97 [57] | 1993-4 | Sinai, frontier | CS | Immigrants to a newly reclaimed area endemic for schistosomiasis | 506 | 10.3% | N/A |
Nafeh,00 [58] | N/A | Assuit, Upper Egypt | CS | Village residents ≥ 5 years of age (overall) | 6,031 | 8.7% | 5.4% |
Nafeh,00 [58] | N/A | Assuit, Upper Egypt | CS | Village residents ≤30 years | 4,164 | 3.6% | 2.0% |
Nafeh,00 [58] | N/A | Assuit, Upper Egypt | CS | Village residents >30Â years | 1,867 | 20.0% | 12.9% |
Abdel-Aziz,00 [59] | 1997 | Aghour El Soughra, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents ≥5 years old (overall) | 3,999 | 24.3% | 14.8% |
Abdel-Aziz,00 [59] | 1997 | Aghour El Soughra, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: ≤20 years | 2,105 | 9.3% | N/A |
Abdel-Aziz,00 [59] | 1997 | Aghour El Soughra, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents >20Â years | 1,894 | 41.0% | N/A |
Darwish,01 [60] | 1994-5 | Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents >10Â years of age | 796 | 40.0% | N/A |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 842 | 27.4% | 7.4% |
Arafa,05 [62] | 2002-3 | Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 4,020 | 11.8% | N/A |
Arafa,05 [62] | 2002-3 | Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: under 20Â years old | 1,759 | 2.8% | N/A |
Arafa,05 [62] | 2002-3 | Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: 20 and over years old | 2,252 | 18.9% | N/A |
Mohamed,06 [63] | 2002 | Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents 18–65 years of age | 2,425 | 18.5% | N/A |
Eassa,07 [64] | 2006-7 | Zagazig district, Sharkia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village households | 304 | 10.9% | N/A |
Aguilar,08 [65] | N/A | Fakkous and 8 surrounding villages | CS | Village residents: males | 78 | 51.3% | 38.5% |
Aguilar,08 [65] | N/A | Fakkous and 8 surrounding villages, Sharkia, Lower Egypt | CS | Village residents: females | 81 | 42.0% | 29.6% |
Children | |||||||
Abdel-Wahab,94 [53] | 1992 | Menoufia, Lower Egypt | CS | Rural male primary school children | 190 | 12.1% | N/A |
El-Sherbini,03 [66] | 1994 | N/A | CS | Village school children 6–15 years old | 294 | 5.8% | 2.4% |
Mohamed,06 [67] | 1997 | Nile River Delta, Lower Egypt | CS | Village children 5–18 years old | 1,823 | 8.2% | N/A |
Mohamed,06 [67] | 1997 | Assuit, Upper Egypt | CS | Village children 5–18 years old | 2,808 | 2.5% | N/A |
El Sherbini,07 [68] | 2002 | Tanta, Gharbia, Lower Egypt | CS | School children | 470 | 2.1% | 0.8% |
Barakat,11 [69] | 2005 | Alexandria city, Alexandria | PBS | School children | 500 | 5.8% | 4.4% |
Healthy individuals | |||||||
El-Sayed,96 [70] | 1994 | South Sinai, frontier | CS | Tourism workers | 740 | 14.3% | N/A |
Mohamed,96 [71] | N/A | N/A | CS | Egyptians applying for work abroad | 5,071 | 31.5% | N/A |
Mohamed,96 [71] | N/A | N/A | CS | Egyptians applying for work abroad: Females | N/A | 13.2% | N/A |
Mohamed,96 [71] | N/A | N/A | CS | Egyptians applying for work abroad: Males | N/A | 34.0% | N/A |
Gohar,95 [72] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 15 | 13.3% | N/A |
Halim,99 [73] | 1996 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Healthy staff of the university | 50 | 6.0% | N/A |
Hassan,01 [74] | 1995-6 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Healthy individuals visiting hospitalized friends | 35 | 42.9% | N/A |
Strickland,02 [75] | N/A | Nile River Delta, Lower Egypt | CS | Â | 212 | 46.7% | 36.3% |
El-sayed,06 [76] | 2002 | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 36 | 8.3% | 2.8% |
El Bassuoni,08 [77] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 10 | 30.0% | N/A |
Salama,09 [78] | N/A | N/A | CS | Â | 20 | 5.0% | N/A |
Army recruits/Fire brigade personnel | |||||||
Farghaly,93 [79] | N/A | N/A | CS | Army recruits | 726 | 33.0% | N/A |
Abdel-Wahab,94 [53] | 1992 | Lower Egypt | CS | Army recruits | 300 | 22.1% | N/A |
Quinti,95 [34] | 1992-4 | Alexandria city, Alexandria | CS | Fire brigade personnel | 541 | 39.0% | N/A |
Other general populations | |||||||
El-Ahmady,94 [10] | N/A | Cairo city, Cairo | CS | Â | 292 | 24.3% | N/A |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | PBS | Â | 1,422 | 25.8% | 7.7% |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | PBS | General population in urban areas | 580 | 23.4% | N/A |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | PBS | General population: <20Â years | 414 | 4.8% | N/A |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | PBS | General population: 20 – 30 years | 163 | 14.1% | N/A |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | PBS | General population: 30 – 40 years | 253 | 30.0% | N/A |
El-Sadawy,04 [61] | N/A | Sharkia, Lower Egypt | PBS | General population: >40Â years | 592 | 41.9% | N/A |
Mohamed,04 [80] | 1996-7 | 10 governorates | PBS | General population | 7,357 | 13.5% | N/A |
El Zanaty,09 [1] | 2008 | Nationwide | PBS | Â | 11,126 | 14.7% | 9.8% |