From: Epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types
Characteristics | HPIVs infection in 4447 patients | 4 types distributions in 174 HPIVs-positive patients | Co-infected with HPIVs | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HPIV-positive (n=174)* | HPIV-negative (n=4273) | p value§ | HPIV-1 (n=57) | HPIV-2 (n=18) | HPIV-3 (n=97) | HPIV-4 (n=8) | p value※ | Single HPIV (n=109) | Co-pathogens (n=65) | p value# | |
Nasal obstruction | 55(31.6) | 1324(31.0) | 0.862 | 20(35.1) | 4(22.2) | 31(32) | 3(37.5) | 0.767 | 34(31.2) | 21(32.3) | 0.878 |
Coryza | 68(39.1) | 1568(36.7) | 0.523 | 22(38.6) | 7(38.9) | 44(45.4) | 1(12.5) | 0.306 | 47(43.1) | 21(32.3) | 0.157 |
Sneeze | 10(5.7) | 221(5.2) | 0.738 | 1(1.8) | 1(5.6) | 7(7.2) | 1(12.5) | 0.421 | 7(6.4) | 3(4.6) | 0.964 |
Cough | 164(94.3) | 3426(80.2) | 0.738 | 53(93) | 17(94.4) | 93(95.9) | 7(87.5) | 0.718 | 104(95.4) | 60(92.3) | 0.395 |
Expectoration | 77(44.3) | 1739(40.7) | 0.35 | 11(19.3) | 9(50) | 49(50.5) | 1(12.5) | <0.001 | 49(45) | 28(43.1) | 0.809 |
Pharyngeal discomfort† | 33(19.0) | 1428(33.4) | <0.001 | 16(28.1) | 5(27.8) | 12(12.4) | 1(12.5) | 0.073 | 22(20.2) | 11(16.9) | 0.596 |
Hoarseness | 7(4.0) | 68(1.6) | 0.015 | 2(3.5) | 1(5.6) | 3(3.1) | 1(12.5) | 0.592 | 7(6.4) | 0(0) | 0.037 |
Abnormal pulmonary breathing sound‡ | 68(39.1) | 1078(25.2) | <0.001 | 20(35.1) | 7(38.9) | 40(41.2) | 4(50) | 0.811 | 43(39.4) | 25(38.5) | 0.897 |
Dyspnoea | 70(40.2) | 1010(23.6) | <0.001 | 19(33.3) | 7(38.9) | 44(45.4) | 3(37.5) | 0.529 | 45(41.3) | 25(38.5) | 0.713 |
Increasing lung markings | 10(5.7) | 134(3.1) | 0.056 | 4(7) | 1(5.6) | 4(4.1) | 1(12.5) | 0.718 | 6(5.5) | 4(6.2) | 0.859 |
Bronchopneumonia | 24(13.8) | 416(9.7) | 0.079 | 11(19.3) | 3(16.7) | 10(10.3) | 1(12.5) | 0.464 | 17(15.6) | 7(10.8) | 0.372 |
Pneumonia | 28(16.1) | 428(10.0) | 0.01 | 10(17.5) | 3(16.7) | 17(17.5) | 0(0) | 0.641 | 20(18.3) | 8(12.3) | 0.294 |
Fever (≥38°C) | 97(55.7) | 3004(70.3) | <0.001 | 33(57.9) | 12(66.7) | 53(54.6) | 2(25) | 0.532 | 57(52.3) | 40(61.5) | 0.235 |
Chill | 6(3.4) | 893(20.9) | <0.001 | 3(5.3) | 0(0) | 3(3.1) | 0(0) | 0.666 | 4(3.7) | 2(3.1) | 0.836 |
Dizziness | 4(2.3) | 543(12.7) | <0.001 | 3(5.3) | 1(5.6) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0.125 | 3(2.8) | 1(1.5) | 0.605 |
Headache | 7(4.0) | 1063(24.9) | <0.001 | 4(7) | 2(11.1) | 1(1) | 0(0) | 0.092 | 6(5.5) | 1(1.5) | 0.198 |
Myalgia | 3(1.7) | 613(14.3) | <0.001 | 2(3.5) | 1(5.6) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0.202 | 3(2.8) | 1(1.5) | 0.605 |
Debilitation | 6(3.4) | 1103(25.8) | <0.001 | 2(3.5) | 1(5.6) | 3(3.1) | 0(0) | 0.902 | 3(2.8) | 3(4.6) | 0.515 |
Vomiting | 14(8.0) | 326(7.6) | 0.839 | 5(8.8) | 2(11.1) | 9(9.3) | 0(0) | 0.823 | 6(5.5) | 8(12.3) | 0.110 |
Poor appetite | 27(15.5) | 737(17.2) | 0.553 | 11(19.3) | 2(11.1) | 13(13.4) | 1(12.5) | 0.736 | 17(15.6) | 10(15.4) | 0.970 |
Diarrhoea | 16(9.2) | 77(1.8) | <0.001 | 3(5.3) | 1(5.6) | 12(12.4) | 0(0) | 0.333 | 11(10.1) | 5(7.7) | 0.596 |
Convulsion | 2(1.1) | 63(1.5) | 0.726 | 1(1.8) | 0(0) | 1(1) | 0(0) | 0.916 | 2(1.8) | 0(0) | 0.272 |
Rash etc. | 5(2.9) | 64(1.5) | 0.15 | 5(8.8) | 0(0) | 5(5.2) | 0(0) | 0.443 | 4(3.7) | 1(1.5) | 0.416 |