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Table 2 Clinical characteristics of participants

From: Epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types

Characteristics

HPIVs infection in 4447 patients

4 types distributions in 174 HPIVs-positive patients

Co-infected with HPIVs

HPIV-positive (n=174)*

HPIV-negative (n=4273)

p value§

HPIV-1 (n=57)

HPIV-2 (n=18)

HPIV-3 (n=97)

HPIV-4 (n=8)

p value

Single HPIV (n=109)

Co-pathogens (n=65)

p value#

Nasal obstruction

55(31.6)

1324(31.0)

0.862

20(35.1)

4(22.2)

31(32)

3(37.5)

0.767

34(31.2)

21(32.3)

0.878

Coryza

68(39.1)

1568(36.7)

0.523

22(38.6)

7(38.9)

44(45.4)

1(12.5)

0.306

47(43.1)

21(32.3)

0.157

Sneeze

10(5.7)

221(5.2)

0.738

1(1.8)

1(5.6)

7(7.2)

1(12.5)

0.421

7(6.4)

3(4.6)

0.964

Cough

164(94.3)

3426(80.2)

0.738

53(93)

17(94.4)

93(95.9)

7(87.5)

0.718

104(95.4)

60(92.3)

0.395

Expectoration

77(44.3)

1739(40.7)

0.35

11(19.3)

9(50)

49(50.5)

1(12.5)

<0.001

49(45)

28(43.1)

0.809

Pharyngeal discomfort

33(19.0)

1428(33.4)

<0.001

16(28.1)

5(27.8)

12(12.4)

1(12.5)

0.073

22(20.2)

11(16.9)

0.596

Hoarseness

7(4.0)

68(1.6)

0.015

2(3.5)

1(5.6)

3(3.1)

1(12.5)

0.592

7(6.4)

0(0)

0.037

Abnormal pulmonary breathing sound

68(39.1)

1078(25.2)

<0.001

20(35.1)

7(38.9)

40(41.2)

4(50)

0.811

43(39.4)

25(38.5)

0.897

Dyspnoea

70(40.2)

1010(23.6)

<0.001

19(33.3)

7(38.9)

44(45.4)

3(37.5)

0.529

45(41.3)

25(38.5)

0.713

Increasing lung markings

10(5.7)

134(3.1)

0.056

4(7)

1(5.6)

4(4.1)

1(12.5)

0.718

6(5.5)

4(6.2)

0.859

Bronchopneumonia

24(13.8)

416(9.7)

0.079

11(19.3)

3(16.7)

10(10.3)

1(12.5)

0.464

17(15.6)

7(10.8)

0.372

Pneumonia

28(16.1)

428(10.0)

0.01

10(17.5)

3(16.7)

17(17.5)

0(0)

0.641

20(18.3)

8(12.3)

0.294

Fever (≥38°C)

97(55.7)

3004(70.3)

<0.001

33(57.9)

12(66.7)

53(54.6)

2(25)

0.532

57(52.3)

40(61.5)

0.235

Chill

6(3.4)

893(20.9)

<0.001

3(5.3)

0(0)

3(3.1)

0(0)

0.666

4(3.7)

2(3.1)

0.836

Dizziness

4(2.3)

543(12.7)

<0.001

3(5.3)

1(5.6)

0(0)

0(0)

0.125

3(2.8)

1(1.5)

0.605

Headache

7(4.0)

1063(24.9)

<0.001

4(7)

2(11.1)

1(1)

0(0)

0.092

6(5.5)

1(1.5)

0.198

Myalgia

3(1.7)

613(14.3)

<0.001

2(3.5)

1(5.6)

0(0)

0(0)

0.202

3(2.8)

1(1.5)

0.605

Debilitation

6(3.4)

1103(25.8)

<0.001

2(3.5)

1(5.6)

3(3.1)

0(0)

0.902

3(2.8)

3(4.6)

0.515

Vomiting

14(8.0)

326(7.6)

0.839

5(8.8)

2(11.1)

9(9.3)

0(0)

0.823

6(5.5)

8(12.3)

0.110

Poor appetite

27(15.5)

737(17.2)

0.553

11(19.3)

2(11.1)

13(13.4)

1(12.5)

0.736

17(15.6)

10(15.4)

0.970

Diarrhoea

16(9.2)

77(1.8)

<0.001

3(5.3)

1(5.6)

12(12.4)

0(0)

0.333

11(10.1)

5(7.7)

0.596

Convulsion

2(1.1)

63(1.5)

0.726

1(1.8)

0(0)

1(1)

0(0)

0.916

2(1.8)

0(0)

0.272

Rash etc.

5(2.9)

64(1.5)

0.15

5(8.8)

0(0)

5(5.2)

0(0)

0.443

4(3.7)

1(1.5)

0.416

  1. *Data are No.(%) of each group. Percentages sum to over 100% because some patients had more than one diagnosis.
  2. Including pharyngeal dryness and pharyngalgia.
  3. Including phlegm rale, wheeze rale, bubbling rale, moist rale, and rhonchi.
  4. §Two-tailed χ2 test, testing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between HPIV-positive and HPIV-negative patients.
  5. Two-tailed χ2 test, testing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between the four HPIV types.
  6. #Two-tailed χ2 test, testing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between patients solely infected with HPIV and those co-infected.