Table 2 Factors associated with VL in a ‘univariate’ model with ‘ward’ as random effect
Factors | No. exposed | OR † | 95% CI ‡ | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case (%)* | Control (%)* | ||||
(n = 115) | (n = 448) | ||||
Adult | 95 (82.61) | 393 (87.72) | 0.68 | 0.35 – 1.31 | 0.25 |
Male sex | 66 (57.4) | 285 (63.6) | 0.65 | 0.40 – 1.05 | 0.08 |
Married | 69 (60.0) | 325 (72.5) | 0.55 | 0.34 – 0.91 | 0.02 |
Hindu religion | 99 (86.1) | 403 (89.9) | 0.78 | 0.38 – 1.59 | 0.50 |
Literate | 101 (87.8) | 407 (90.9) | 0.65 | 0.31 – 1.41 | 0.28 |
Large households (> 5 person) | 54 (46.9) | 125 (27.9) | 2.39 | 1.46 – 3.93 | 0.001 |
Intravenous Drug use | 6 (5.2) | 13 (2.9) | 2.30 | 0.69 – 7.66 | 0.17 |
Proximity to other VL cases within 50 m | 52 (45.2) | 32 (7.1) | 6.60 | 3.69 – 11.82 | <0.0001 |
Regular forest visit | 59 (51.3) | 67 (14.9) | 6.08 | 3.49 – 10.61 | <0.0001 |
Daily wage earner (vs fixed employment) | 84 (73.0) | 240 (53.6) | 2.99 | 1.78 – 5.02 | <0.0001 |
History of migration | 66 (57.4) | 214 (47.8) | 1.75 | 1.08 – 2.83 | 0.02 |
Bed net use ever | 83 (73.5) | 330 (73.7) | 1.06 | 0.62 – 1.81 | 0.81 |
Sleeping on a bed (vs on the floor) | 94 (81.7) | 439 (97.9) | 0.09 | 0.03 – 0.24 | <0.0001 |
Sleeping upstairs | 1 (0.9) | 121 (27.0) | 0.03 | 0.01 – 0.21 | 0.001 |
Goat ownership | 26 (22.6) | 75 (16.7) | 1.23 | 0.70 – 2.19 | 0.48 |
Cattle ownership | 1 (0.9) | 26 (5.8) | 0.09 | 0.01 – 0.82 | 0.03 |
Pig ownership | 34 (29.6) | 149 (33.3) | 0.86 | 0.52 – 1.44 | 0.58 |
Chickens/ducks ownership | 14 (12.2) | 76 (16.9) | 0.62 | 0.31 – 1.22 | 0.16 |
Type of house | |||||
Thatched house, no windows | 33 (28.7) | 21 (4.7) | Referent | ||
Thatched house with windows | 62 (53.9) | 170 (37.9) | 0.28 | 0.13 – 0.60 | 0.001 |
Brick house | 20 (17.4) | 257 (57.4) | 0.05 | 0.02 – 0.12 | <0.0001 |
Socio economic status (by asset score level) | |||||
Level 1 (poorest) | 87 (75.7) | 112 (25.0) | Referent | ||
Level 2 | 20 (17.4) | 112 (25.0) | 0.22 | 0.11 - 0.42 | <0.0001 |
Level 3 | 7 (6.1) | 112 (25.0) | 0.09 | 0.03 - 0.23 | <0.0001 |
Level 4 (least poor) | 1 (0.9) | 112 (25.0) | 0.01 | 0.001 - 0.08 | <0.0001 |