Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease in Taiwan: a nationwide cohort study

Table 5 Time-dependent Cox regression analysis for risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis

Variables	Univariate		Multivariate		Multivariate with ICS
	pvalue	HR (95% CI)	pvalue	HR (95% CI)	pvalue	HR (95% CI)
Age (per 10 years)	<0.001	1.46 (1.38–1.54)	<0.001	1.42 (1.35–1.50)	<0.001	1.42 (1.35–1.50)
Male	<0.001	2.28 (1.90–2.73)	<0.001	2.06 (1.71–2.47)	<0.001	2.06 (1.71–2.47)
Diabetes mellitus	0.001	1.54 (1.26–1.88)	0.035	1.24 (1.02–1.52)	0.034	1.25 (1.02–1.53)
Oral corticosteroids^*	<0.001	1.29 (1.15–1.44)	0.011	1.18 (1.04–1.33)	0.017	1.17 (1.03–1.32)
Oral β-agonists (per 30 DDD)	<0.001	1.06 (1.04–1.07)	0.005	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	0.006	1.05 (1.01–1.09)
ICS^#	0.020	1.01 (1.00–1.02)			0.245	1.01 (0.99–1.03)
Low income	<0.001	2.04 (1.36–3.06)	0.004	1.82 (1.21–2.73)	0.004	1.82 (1.21–2.74)

HR: hazard ratio; DDD: defined daily dose; CI: confidence interval; ICS: inhaled corticosteroids. *Oral corticosteroids were converted to the equivalent dose of prednisolone 1 gram. ^#ICS were converted to the equivalent dose of budesonide 24 mg.
Time-dependent Cox regression analysis for factors possibly associated with the development of active tuberculosis in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease selected under scenario 5.

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