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Table 1 Univariate analysis of the factors associated with a delay (defined according to the median value (cutoff)) in initiating treatment for tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals

From: Associated factors for treatment delay in pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals: a nested case-control study

Variable

 

Delayed (> 41 days)

No delay (≤ 41 days)

OR

95%- CI

p-value

n(120)

%

n(122)

%

BIOLOGICAL

        

Sex

(n = 242)

       

Female

 

35

29.17

39

31.97

1.00

  

Male

 

85

70.83

83

68.03

1.14

0.66-1.98

0.6365

Age

(n = 242)

       

< 30 years

 

24

20.00

24

19.67

1.00

  

30 – 49 years

 

80

66.67

79

64.75

1.01

0.53-1.94

0.9695

≥ 50 years

 

16

13.33

19

15.57

0.84

0.35-2.02

0.6997

SOCIOECONOMIC

        

Town of residence

(n = 239)

       

Countryside

 

20

16.81

19

15.83

1.00

  

Capital/metropolitan region

 

99

83.19

101

84.17

0.93

0.47-1.85

0.8387

Marital status

(n = 241)

       

Married

 

26

21.67

25

20.66

1.00

  

Single/separated/widowed

 

94

78.33

96

79.34

0.94

0.51-1.75

0.8485

Living with

(n = 228)

       

Family/partner

 

92

81.42

97

84.35

1.00

  

Alone

 

21

18.58

18

15.65

1.23

0.62-2.48

0.5571

Education

(n = 241)

       

Up to 9 years of school

 

67

56.30

77

63.11

1.00

  

9 or more years of school

 

52

43.70

45

36.89

1.33

0.79-2.23

0.2814

In employment

(n = 241)

       

No

 

83

69.75

83

68.03

1.00

  

Yes

 

36

30.25

39

31.97

0.92

0.53-1.59

0.7737

Lifestyle

        

Drinking

(n = 208)

       

Abstainer/light drinker

 

91

91.00

100

92.59

1.00

  

Moderate/heavy

 

9

9.00

8

7.41

1.24

0.45-3.42

0.6757

Smoking

(n = 241)

       

Never smoked

 

44

36.97

51

41.80

1.00

  

Ex-smoker

 

49

41.18

51

41.80

1.11

0.63-1.96

0.7076

Smoker

 

26

21.85

20

16.39

1.51

0.74-3.09

0.2569

Use of illicit drugs

(n = 239)

       

No

 

70

59.32

94

77.69

1.00

  

Yes

 

48

40.68

27

22.31

2.39

1.37-4.24

0.0025

Use of marijuana

(n = 239)

       

Yes

 

47

39.83

27

22.31

1.00

  

No

 

71

60.17

94

77.69

0.43

0.24-0.76

0.0038

Use of cocaine

(n = 239)

       

Yes

 

19

16.10

9

7.44

1.00

  

No

 

99

83.90

112

92.56

0.42

0.17-0.94

0.0417

Use of crack

(n = 239)

       

Yes

 

23

19.49

7

5.79

1.00

  

No

 

95

80.51

114

94.21

0.25

0.10-0.59

0.0025

Use of shoemaker glue

(n = 239)

       

Yes

 

11

9.32

11

9.09

1.00

  

No

 

107

90.68

110

90.91

0.97

0.40-2.36

0.9507

Variables

 

(Delayed) > 41 days

(No delay) ≤ 41 days

OR

95%- CI

p-value

n

%

n

%

 

HIV Variables

        

Opportunistic disease

(n = 238)

       

Yes

 

73

72.12

72

71.96

1.00

  

No

 

45

27.88

48

28.04

0.92

0.55-1.56

0.7682

AIDS

(n = 238)

       

Yes

 

53

44.92

57

47.50

1.00

  

No

 

65

55.08

63

52.50

1.11

0.67-1.85

0.6893

CD4 Count

(n = 175)

       

≤ 50 cels/mm3

 

27

32.14

23

25.27

1.00

  

51 – 200 cels/mm3

 

25

29.76

35

38.46

0.61

0.28-1.29

0.1982

201 – 500 cels/mm3

 

22

26.19

24

26.37

0.78

0.35-1.74

0.5458

>500 cels/mm3

 

10

11.90

9

9.89

0.95

0.33-2.77

0.9189

Use of ART

(n = 240)

       

Yes

 

67

55.83

73

60.83

1.00

  

No

 

53

44.17

47

39.17

1.23

0.74-2.06

0.4323

TB VARIABLES

        

Place where initiated TB treatment

(n = 180)

       

Outpatients

 

42

46.67

42

46.67

1.00

  

Inpatients

 

48

53.33

48

53.33

1.00

0.56-1.80

1.0000

Standard chest x-ray

(n = 220)

       

Atypical

 

92

85.19

92

82.14

1.00

  

Normal

 

1

0.93

3

2.68

0.33

0.02-2.66

0.3453

Typical

 

15

13.89

17

15.18

0.88

0.41-1.87

0.7443

Contact with person undergoing TT TB

(n = 239)

       

Yes

 

81

68.64

84

69.42

1.00

  

No

 

37

31.36

37

30.58

1.04

0.60-1.80

0.8966

TB contact in the household

(n = 75)

       

Yes

 

15

40.54

10

26.32

1.00

  

No

 

22

59.46

28

73.68

0.52

0.19-1.38

0.1940

Previous treatment

(n = 236)

       

Yes

 

29

24.58

31

26.27

1.00

  

No

 

89

75.42

87

73.73

1.09

0.61-1.97

0.7650

Sputum smear

(n = 225)

       

Positive

 

29

26.13

39

34.21

1.00

  

Negative

 

58

52.25

41

35.96

1.90

1.02-3.58

0.0438

Not performed

 

24

21.62

34

29.82

0.95

0.47-1.93

0.8858

Sputum Culture

(n = 195)

       

Positive

 

14

15.05

9

8.82

1.00

  

Negative

 

27

29.03

18

17.65

0.96

0.34-2.68

0.9447

Not performed

 

52

55.91

75

73.53

0.45

0.17-1.09

0.0815

Weight loss

(n = 221)

       

No

 

30

26.55

47

43.52

1.00

  

Yes

 

83

73.45

61

56.48

2.13

1.22-3.78

0.0086

Anemia

(n = 169)

       

No

 

17

19.77

19

22.89

1.00

  

Yes

 

69

80.23

64

77.11

1.20

0.58-2.54

0.6202

Asthenia

(n = 241)

       

No

 

40

33.33

64

52.89

1.00

  

Yes

 

80

66.67

57

47.11

2.25

1.34-3.80

0.0023

Sweating

(n = 233)

       

No

 

56

47.46

70

60.87

1.00

  

Yes

 

62

52.54

45

39.13

1.72

1.03-2.90

0.0406

Variables

 

Delayed > 41 days

No delay ≤ 41 days

OR

95%- CI

p-value

n

%

n

%

 

Production of Sputum

(n = 242)

       

Yes

 

74

61.67

77

63.11

1.00

  

No

 

46

38.33

45

36.89

1.06

0.63-1.79

0.8161

Dyspnea

(n = 213)

       

No

 

68

63.55

77

72.64

1.00

  

Yes

 

39

36.45

29

27.36

1.52

0.85-2.74

0.1558

BMI

(n = 211)

       

≥ 18.5

 

75

72.12

77

71.96

1.00

  

< 18.5

 

29

27.88

30

28.04

0.99

0.54-1.81

0.9803

Hemoptysis

(n = 230)

       

No

 

104

88.89

102

90.27

1.00

  

Yes

 

13

11.11

11

9.73

1.16

0.50-2.75

0.7330

Chest Pain

(n = 222)

       

No

 

70

61.40

81

75.00

1.00

  

Yes

 

44

38.60

27

25.00

1.89

1.07-3.38

0.0309

Constitutional Symptoms

(n = 242)

       

None

 

13

10.83

26

21.31

1.00

-

 

1*

 

23

19.17

37

30.33

1.24

0.54-2.94

0.6136

2**

 

40

33.33

36

29.51

2.22

1.01-5.07

0.0515

3***

 

44

36.67

23

18.85

3.83

1.69-9.04

0.0016

  1. OR = Odds Ratio CI = Confidence Interval ART = Antiretroviral Therapy TB = Tuberculosis.
  2. TT TB = TB treatment.
  3. 1* asthenia or weight loss or fever.
  4. 2* (asthenia and weight loss) or (asthenia and fever) or (weight loss and fever).
  5. 3* asthenia and weight loss and fever.