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Figure 5 | BMC Infectious Diseases

Figure 5

From: Effects of adenosine A2A receptor activation and alanyl-glutamine in Clostridium difficile toxin-induced ileitis in rabbits and cecitis in mice

Figure 5

Effects of ATL 370 and alanyl-glutamine on cytokine expression. After four hours of incubation, alanyl-glutamine (AQ; 100 mM in loops) or ATL 370 (3 ng/g s.c.) significantly decreased C. difficile toxin A-induced elevation of KC secretion in mouse cecal tissues (A). Combination treatment with ATL 370 and AQ significantly decreased KC secretion further. Likewise, IL-10 secretion was increased by toxin A although not significantly reduced by either AQ or ATL 370 alone (B). Only combination treatment with ATL 370 and alanyl-glutamine significantly decreased IL-10 secretion (B). C and D show corresponding KC and IL-10 mRNA expressions expressed as fold-change from PBS control. Number of mice per group: Panels A&B- 5-6; Panels C&D- 3-5. Panel 5A: a- P < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA), and b (Toxin A vs AQ)- P < 0.01, c (Toxin A vs AQ)- P < 0.001, d (Toxin A vs ATL)- P < 0.01, e (Toxin A vs ATL/AQ)- P < 0.001 (Bonferroni's). Panel 5B: a- P < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA), and b (Toxin A vs PBS)- P < 0.01, c (Toxin A vs ATL/AQ)- P < 0.01 (Bonferroni's). Panel 5C: a- P = 0.04 (one-way ANOVA), and b (Toxin A vs ATL/AQ)- P < 0.05 (Bonferroni's). Panel 5D: a- P = 0.056 (one-way ANOVA)

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