Table 1 Correlates of HR-HPV in HIV-negative and HIV-positive high-risk women with normal cytology, Kigali, Rwanda
| HIV negative women1 | HIV positive women2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR HPV positive | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | HR HPV positive |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| n/N | N = 349 | N = 318 | n/N | N = 126 | N = 126 | |
| Demographical characteristics at baseline | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| < 30 yrs | 99/281 | 1 | 1 | 42/75 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 30 yrs | 12/68 | 0.39 (0.20-0.78) | 0.62 (0.29-1.33) | 22/51 | 0.60 (0.29-1.23) | 0.71 (0.34-1.50) |
| Marital status3 | 4 | |||||
| Never married | 98/264 | 1 | 1 | 44/82 | 1 | |
| Widowed/Divorced | 13/80 | 0.33 (0.17-0.63) | 0.42 (0.20-0.85) | 20/44 | 0.72 (0.34-1.51) | |
| Education level | ||||||
| No formal schooling | 29/72 | 1 | 12/30 | 1 | ||
| Primary school (partial/completed) | 76/246 | 0.66 (0.38-1.14) | 46/81 | 1.97 (0.83-4.69) | ||
| Secondary school (partial/completed) | 6/31 | 0.36 (0.13-1.00) | 6/15 | 1.00 (0.28-3.59) | ||
| Sexual and reproductive characteristics at baseline | ||||||
| Age at sexual debut | ||||||
| < 15 yrs | 18/43 | 1 | 9/16 | 1 | ||
| 15-19 yrs | 79/249 | 0.65 (0.33-1.26) | 49/92 | 0.89 (0.30-2.60) | ||
| ≥ 20 yrs | 13/53 | 0.45 (0.19-1.10) | 6/18 | 0.39 (0.09-1.66) | ||
| Parity | ||||||
| < 3 pregnancies | 80/224 | 1 | 40/70 | 1 | ||
| ≥ 3 pregnancies | 31/125 | 0.59 (0.36-0.97) | 24/55 | 0.58 (0.28-1.20) | ||
| Genital infections at baseline | ||||||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR | ||||||
| negative | 90/314 | 1 | 1 | not done | ||
| Positive | 21/35 | 3.73 (1.79-7.79) | 3.19 (1.38-7.38) | not done | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR | ||||||
| negative | 100/332 | 1 | 1 | not done | ||
| Positive | 11/17 | 4.25 (.51-12.0) | 4.38 (1.30-14.77) | not done | ||
| Trichomonas vaginalis by InPouch culture | ||||||
| negative | 92/289 | 1 | not done | |||
| Positive | 19/60 | 0.99 (0.55-1.81) | not done | |||
| HSV-2 serology4 | ||||||
| negative | 40/142 | 1 | 7/12 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 59/181 | 1.23 (0.76-2.00) | 53/108 | 0.69 (0.20-2.32) | ||
| Positive syphilis serology5 | ||||||
| negative | 98/322 | 1 | not done | |||
| Positive | 12/26 | 1.96 (0.87-4.41) | not done | |||
| BV by Nugent score | ||||||
| Normal (score 0-3) | 39/140 | 1 | not done | |||
| Intermediate flora (score 4-6) | 10/48 | 0.68 (0.31-1.50) | not done | |||
| BV (score 7-10) | 54/146 | 1.52 (0.92-2.51) | not done | |||
| Current sexual and reproductive characteristics | ||||||
| No of clients in the past week | ||||||
| 0 | 1/15 | 0.14 (0.02-1.16) | 18/44 | 1 | ||
| 1-4 | 35/103 | 1 | 29/54 | 1.68 (0.74-3.79) | ||
| 5-9 | 33/107 | 0.70 (0.36-1.37) | 7/14 | 1.44 (0.43-4.90) | ||
| ≥ 10 | 41/121 | 1.13 (0.64-2.00) | 10/14 | 3.61 (0.92-14.14) | ||
| No of vaginal sex acts in past month | ||||||
| 0 | 6/8 | 7.96 (1.49-42.55) | 6/20 | 1 | ||
| 1-24 | 49/179 | 1 | 47/83 | 3.05 (1.03-8.97) | ||
| ≥ 25 | 56/161 | 1.41 (0.89-2.25) | 11/23 | 2.14 (0.59-7.81) | ||
| Condom use during vaginal sex in the past month | ||||||
| Always | 44/153 | 1 | 18/40 | 1 | ||
| Never/sometimes | 61/186 | 1.22 (0.76-1.93) | 40/66 | 1.88 (0.84-4.22) | ||
| No sex | 6/8 | 7.43 (1.38-40.0) | 6/20 | 0.52 (0.16-1.68) | ||
| Hormonal contraceptive use6 | ||||||
| No or < 6 months | 80/283 | 1 | NA | |||
| > 6 months | 29/63 | 2.16 (1.23-3.81) | NA | |||
| Current genital co-infections | ||||||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR | ||||||
| negative | 97/315 | 1 | not done | |||
| Positive | 11/25 | 1.77 (0.77-4.04) | not done | |||
| Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR | ||||||
| negative | 105/327 | 1 | not done | |||
| Positive | 6/17 | 1.15 (0.41-3.21) | not done | |||
| Trichomonas vaginalis by InPouch culture | ||||||
| negative | 91/292 | 1 | not done | |||
| Positive | 19/54 | 1.20 (0.65-2.11) | not done | |||
| HSV-2 serology7 | ||||||
| negative | 36/139 | 1 | 5/9 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 70/197 | 1.58 (0.97-2.55) | 59/117 | 0.81 (0.21-3.20) | ||
| HSV-2 serology4 | ||||||
| Negative (Enr-M6) | 33/132 | 1 | 1 | NA | ||
| Positive at enrollment | 59/181 | 1.45 (0.88-2.40) | 1.78 (1.01-3.12) | NA | ||
| Incident at M6 | 7/10 | 7.00 (1.62-30.21) | 6.69 (1.41-31.38) | NA | ||
| Positive syphilis serology | ||||||
| negative | 100/321 | 1 | not done | |||
| Positive | 9/24 | 1.33 (0.56-3.14) | not done | |||
| Concurrent LR HPV infection | ||||||
| negative | 51/236 | 1 | 1 | 22/57 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 60/113 | 4.11 (2.47-6.83) | 3.77 (02.17-6.54) | 42/69 | 2.48 (1.18-5.19) | 2.31 (1.11-4-81) |
| BV by Nugent score | ||||||
| Normal (score 0-3) | 57/149 | 1 | 16/35 | |||
| Intermediate flora (score 4-6) | 17/51 | 1.51 (0.76-3.03) | 7/18 | |||
| BV (score 7-10) | 50/126 | 1.99 (1.18-3.36) | 39/68 | |||
| Current (Year 2) HIV-related indicators | ||||||
| CD4 count (copies/mL)- use of cART | ||||||
| > 350 - no cART | NA | 33/60 | 1 | |||
| > 350 - cART | NA | 13/34 | 0.51 (0.21-1.21) | |||
| ≤ 350 - no cART | NA | 7/15 | 0.72 (0.23-2.25) | |||
| ≤ 350 - cART | NA | 10/15 | 1.64 (0.49-5.44) | |||