Table 1 Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in HIV patients
Risk Factor | IPD | Pneumococcal Pneumonia | All Pneumococcal Disease | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n (%) | AOR (95% CI) | n (%) | AOR (95% CI) | n (%) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 418 | 10 (2.4) | 2.2 (1.0-4.9) | 10 (2.4) | 3.4 (1.5-7.9) | 16 (3.8) | 2.6 (1.3-4.9) |
Male | 1528 | 22 (1.4) | 1 | 18 (1.2) | 1 | 34 (2.2) | 1 |
Age | |||||||
≥61 | 58 | 3 (5.2) | 9.7 (1.7-53.8) | 4 (6.9) | 45.4 (4.6-445.0) | 6 (10.3) | 22.5 (5.0-100.7) |
46-60 | 476 | 11 (2.3) | 2.5 (0.7-9.5) | 4 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.3-26.7) | 12 (2.5) | 2.8 (0.8-10.5) |
31-45 | 1070 | 15 (1.4) | 1.5 (0.4-5.5) | 19 (1.8) | 6.4 (0.8-49.2) | 29 (2.7) | 3.2 (0.9-10.8) |
≤30 | 342 | 3 (0.9) | 1 | 1 (0.3) | 1 | 3 (0.9) | 1 |
Race | |||||||
Aboriginal | 233 | 13 (5.6) | 3.0 (1.3-6.8) | 7 (3.0) | 1.5 (0.6-3.8) | 16 (0.7) | 2.1 (1.1-4.3) |
Black | 329 | 1 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.1-3.9) | 1 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.0-3.7) | 2 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.1-2.3) |
White | 1225 | 18 (1.5) | 1 | 19 (1.6) | 1 | 31 (2.5) | 1 |
Other | 124 | 0 | -- | 1 (0.8) | -- | 1 (0.8) | -- |
Unknown | 35 | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- |
Education | |||||||
<High School | 437 | 15 (3.4) | 1.8 (0.8-3.9) | 15 (3.4) | 2.2 (1.0-4.8) | 24 (5.5) | 1.9 (1.0-3.5) |
≥High School | 1155 | 15 (1.3) | 1 | 13 (1.1) | 1 | 24 (2.1) | 1 |
Unknown | 354 | 2 (0.6) | -- | 0 | -- | 2 (0.6) | -- |
IDU | |||||||
Yes | 231 | 13 (5.6) | 3.3 (1.5-7.2) | 7 (3.0) | 1.4 (0.5-3.4) | 17 (7.4) | 2.5 (1.3-4.8) |
No | 1715 | 19 (1.1) | 1 | 21 (1.2) | 1 | 33 (1.9) | 1 |
Smoker* | |||||||
Yes | 1042 | 28 (2.7) | 4.9 (1.6-14.7) | 26 (2.4) | 13.8 (3.1-60.9) | 44 (4.2) | 6.2 (2.5-15.3) |
No | 902 | 4 (0.4) | 1 | 2 (0.2) | 1 | 6 (0.7) | 1 |
Alcohol abuse† | |||||||
Yes | 266 | 7 (2.6) | 1.4 (0.6-3.5) | 7 (2.6) | 1.6 (0.6-4.0) | 11 (4.1) | 1.4 (0.7-2.9) |
No | 1680 | 25 (1.5) | 1 | 21 (1.3) | 1 | 39 (2.3) | |
Nadir CD4/μL | |||||||
≤200 | 875 | 27 (3.1) | 5.1 (0.7-38.3) | 22 (2.5) | 1.5 (0.4-5.3) | 41 (4.7) | 2.8 (0.8-9.2) |
201-500 | 836 | 4 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.1-8.6) | 3 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.0-1.2) | 6 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.1-2.0) |
>500 | 179 | 1 (0.6) | 1 | 3 (1.7) | 1 | 3 (1.7) | 1 |
Not Available | 56 | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- |
Any co-trimoxazole use | |||||||
Yes | 656 | 21 (3.2) | 1.4 (0.6-3.4) | 18 (2.7) | 1.8 (0.7-4.8) | 33 (5.0) | 1.7 (0.8-3.5) |
No | 1290 | 11 (0.9) | 1 | 10 (0.8) | 1 | 17 (1.3) | 1 |
PPV-23 frequency | |||||||
Never | 429 | 9 (2.1) | 1.7 (0.7-4.5) | 2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.1-1.4) | 10 (2.3) | 1.0 (0.5-2.4) |
< once per 5 years | 472 | 12 (2.5) | 2.3 (1.0-5.4) | 12 (2.5) | 1.8 (0.8-4.1) | 20 (4.2) | 2.1 (1.1-4.1) |
≥ once per 5 years | 1045 | 11 (1.1) | 1 | 14 (1.3) | 1 | 20 (1.9) | 1 |
History of pulmonary MAC or PCP | |||||||
Yes | 243 | 8 (3.3) | 1.5 (0.6-3.6) | 6 (2.5) | 1.2 (0.5-3.2) | 11 (4.5) | 1.2 (0.6-2.6) |
No | 1703 | 24 (1.4) | 1 | 22 (1.3) | 1 | 39 (2.3) | 1 |
History of asthma | |||||||
Yes | 178 | 5 (2.8) | 1.4 (0.5-4.0) | 5 (2.8) | 1.7 (0.6-4.8) | 8 (4.5) | 1.5 (0.7-3.5) |
No | 1768 | 27 (1.5) | 1 | 23 (1.3) | 1 | 42 (2.4) | 1 |
History of COPD | |||||||
Yes | 60 | 4 (6.7) | 1.3 (0.4-4.3) | 6 (10.0) | 3.8 (1.3-11.0) | 9 (15.0) | 2.7 (1.1-6.4) |
No | 1886 | 28 (1.5) | 1 | 22 (1.2) | 1 | 41 (2.2) | 1 |
History of active TB | |||||||
Yes | 74 | 2 (2.7) | 1.5 (0.3-6.8) | 1 (1.4) | 0.9 (0.1-7.0) | 3 (4.1) | 1.5 (0.4-5.3) |
No | 1872 | 30 (1.6) | 1 | 27 (1.4) | 1 | 47 (2.5) | 1 |
Hepatitis C | |||||||
Infected | 448 | 22 (4.9) | 5.0 (2.0-12.1) | 16 (3.6) | 3.1 (1.3-7.7) | 31 (6.9) | 3.9 (1.9-7.9) |
Not Infected | 1498 | 10 (0.7) | 1 | 12 (0.8) | 1 | 19 (1.3) | 1 |