Factors associated with paradoxical immune response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected patients: a case control study

Table 2 Clinical characteristics among cases and controls.

Clinical characteristics	Cases (n = 39^a) n (%)	Controls (n = 160^a) n (%)	Bivariate analyses
			p-value^e	OR	CI 95%
HIV transmission by intravenous drug use			1.00	0.88	0.28-2.7
Yes	4 (10.2)	18 (11.5)
No	35 (89.8)	139 (86.6)
AIDS defining illness before HAART			0.04^b	2.34	1.0-5.3
Yes	11 (28.2)	23 (14.4)
No	28 (71.8)	137 (85.6)
AIDS defined by Rio de Janeiro/Caracas criteria			0.53	1.38	0.49-3.85
Yes	5 (12.8)	27 (16.8)
No	34 (87.2)	133 (83.1)
AIDS defined by CDC adapted criteria			0.40	1.52	0.56-4.17
Yes	33 (84.6)	143 (89.3)
No	6 (15.4)	17 (10.6)
Comorbidities in the previous year			0.43	0.75	0.36-1.54
Yes	24 (61.5)	109 (68.1)
No	15 (38.4)	51 (31.9)
Irregular use of HAART in the previous year			0.07^c	2.22	0.9-5.3
Yes	9 (23.1)	19 (11.9)
No	30 (76.4)	141 (88.1)
Concomitant medication in the previous year for more than 30 consecutive days			0.00^b	0.29	0.1-0.6
Yes	30 (76.9)	79 (49.3)
No	9 (23.1)	81 (50.7)
Year of HIV diagnosis			0.32	1.99	0.64-6.11
Before 1996	5 (12.8)	11 (6.9)
After 1996	34 (87.2)	149 (93.1)
Year of AIDS diagnosis			0.09^c	8.59	0.75-97.3
Before 1996	2 (5.1)	1 (0.6)
After 1996	37 (94.8)	159 (99.4)
Time from HIV diagnosis until first HAART (months)^d	39.6 ± 52.2	12.8 ± 26.9	0.57
	Median: 19.5 (IQR: 1.7-63)	Median: 5.5 (IQR: 2.2-10.7)
Total time in use of HAART (months)^d	36.1 ± 39,7	62.0 ± 32,5	0.00^b
	Median: 17 (IQR: 13.7-53.5)	Median: 60 (IQR: 33.2-96)
Time in use of last HAART regimen (months)^d	19.2 ± 18.3	44.2 ± 28.6	0.00^b
	Median: 15 (IQR: 12.2-15.2)	Median: 37 (IQR: 19.2-70.2)

n, number; OR, odds ratio; CI 95%, confidence interval of 95%; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
^a different totals are due to missing data.
^b p-value < 0,050.
^c p-value < 0,1; variables that could be included in multivariate analysis.
^d Continuous data are represented by mean ± standard deviation and by median with interquartile range (IQR).
^e Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used for comparison of categorical variables between the two groups, as more appropriate. For continuous variables, "Student's" T test was used for comparison of normal distributions between the two groups. For non-normal distributions, it was used the Mann-Whitney test.

ISSN: 1471-2334