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Table 4 Significant odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the associations between the influenza subtypes and the characteristics of the study patients and their households.

From: Clinical and socioeconomic impact of different types and subtypes of seasonal influenza viruses in children during influenza seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009

 

Influenza A/H1N1 vs influenza A/H3N2 OR (95% CI)

Influenza A/H1N1 vs influenza B OR (95% CI)

Influenza B vs influenza A/H3N2 OR (95% CI)

Presence of fever

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.68 (0.41-0.99)

1.03 (0.66-1.79)

0.65 (0.39-0.94)

Presence of high-grade fever"

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.76 (0.55-0.97)

0.98 (0.62-1.55)

0.75 (0.53-0.96)

Upper respiratory tract infection

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

1.34 (1.10-1.81)

0.86 (0.53-1.36)

1.31 (1.08-1.79)

Lower respiratory tract infection

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.60 (0.39-0.84)

1.19 (0.68-1.91)

0.69 (0.43-0.93)

Fever without source

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.64 (0.43-0.85)

1.12 (0.66-1.93)

0.61 (0.40-0.87)

Hospitalisation

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.57 (0.37-0.82)

0.61 (0.40-0.88)

0.84 (0.53-1.36)

Duration of hospitalisation (days)

   

< 7 days

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

≥7 days

0.62 (0.40-0.90)

1.11 (0.85-1.42)

0.60 (0.39-0.85)

Absences from school (days)

   

< 7 days

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

≥7 days

0.64 (0.43-0.91)

0.96 (0.61-1.74)

0.62 (0.42-0.98)

Antibiotic use

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.65 (0.44-0.93)

1.14 (0.66-1.98)

0.68 (0.47-0.94)

Antipyretic use

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.69 (0.40-0.91)

0.93 (0.54-1.91)

0.67 (0.39-0.96)

Aerosol therapy

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.65 (0.43-0.88)

1.18 (0.67-1.89)

0.62 (0.36-0.93)

Steroids

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.69 (0.39-0.94)

0.93 (0.58-1.67)

0.70 (0.49-0.95)

Household diseases similar to that of the infected child

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.63 (0.41-0.92)

0.71 (0.42-0.94)

0.78 (0.50-0.98)

Additional medical visits among households

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.68 (0.40-0.94)

0.74 (0.46-0.97)

0.79 (0.55-0.99)

Household antibiotic prescriptions

   

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.65 (0.42-0.93)

0.87 (0.62-1.25)

0.91 (0.68-1.29)

Lost working days by mothers

   

< 3 days

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

≥3 days

0.65 (0.34-0.89)

1.13 (0.54-1.92)

0.69 (0.38-0.96)

Lost working days by fathers

   

< 3 days

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

≥3 days

0.58 (0.36-0.85)

0.87 (0.62-1.35)

0.65 (0.41-0.93)

Lost school days by siblings

   

< 3 days

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

≥3 days

0.76 (0.54-0.97)

0.92 (0.70-1.38)

0.77 (0.58-0.98)

  1. Odds ratios from multivariate logistic models, including terms for age and gender.