Figure 3From: Successive influenza virus infection and Streptococcus pneumoniae stimulation alter human dendritic cell function MoDCs phenotype expression induced by successive challenge of influenza virus and pneumococcus. (A) MoDCs were infected with H1N1 at MOI 0.1 or treated with heat killed pneumococcus at 1 × 106, 5 × 106 or 10 × 106 CFU. Cell phenotypic maturation was examined at 24 hr, 30 hr or 48 hr after virus infection, or at 24 hr after pneumococcal stimulation. (B-D) MoDCs were concurrently or successively challenged by both influenza virus and heat killed pneumococcus. MoDCs were first infected with H1N1 at MOI 0.1 for 0 hr, and then immediately treated with 5 × 106 CFU heat killed pneumococcus for another 24 hr. The total incubation time at harvest was 24 hr. Alternatively, MoDCs were first infected with H1N1 at MOI 0.1 for 6 hr or 24 hr, and then treated with 5 × 106 CFU heat killed pneumococcus for another 24 hr to make up a total incubation time at harvest of 30 hr or 48 hr respectively. Data (n = 5-7) represented mean ± SD of six individual experiments. Please note that some groups of data were presented twice in different panels for easy interpretation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (ANOVA) and ###p < 0.001 (Post test for trend).Back to article page