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Table 3 Combined multiple logistic regression model including socio-demographic and behavioral variables for association with seroprevalent HSV-2 and syphilis in women.

From: Population-based seroprevalence of HSV-2 and syphilis in Andhra Pradesh state of India

Factor

N (% of Total)

HSV-2*

  

Syphilis †

  
  

N (% HSV-2)

Odds of having HSV-2 with univariate analysis (95% CI)

Adjusted odds of having HSV-2 with multiple logistic regression (95% CI)

N (% Syphilis)

Odds of having syphilis with univariate analysis (95% CI)

Adjusted odds of having syphilis with multiple logistic regression (95% CI)

Women (N = 6,382) ‡

       

Sociodemographics

       

Age (years)

       

   15-19

1,159 (18.2)

48 (4.1)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

6 (0.5)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   20-24

1,162 (18.2)

62 (5.3)

1.30 (0.89-1.92)

0.91 (0.58-1.44)

14 (1.2)

2.34 (0.90-6.12)

1.55 (0.54-4.45)

   25-29

1,027 (16.1)

88 (8.6)

2.17 (1.51-3.12)

1.67 (1.07-2.61) §

9 (0.9)

1.70 (0.60-4.79)

0.85 (0.27-2.68)

   30-34

886 (13.9)

110 (12.4)

3.28(2.31-4.66)

2.51 (1.61-3.90) ||

19 (2.1)

4.21 (1.67-10.59)

1.88 (0.65-5.44)

   35-39

864 (13.5)

118 (13.7)

3.66 (2.58-5.19)

3.13 (2.01-4.86) ||

13 (1.5)

2.94 (1.11-7.75)

1.45 (0.49-4.33)

   40-44

757 (11.9)

99 (13.1)

3.48 (2.43-4.98)

2.77 (1.76-4.39) ||

19 (2.5)

4.95 (1.97-12.45)

2.90 (1.01-8.36) §

   45-49

527 (8.3)

59 (11.2)

2.92 (1.96-4.34)

2.12 (1.29-3.51) §

6 (1.1)

2.21 (0.71-6.89)

1.39 (0.40-4.88)

Standard of Living Index§

       

   0-16

1,705 (26.7)

172 (10.1)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

33 (1.9)

1.00 (ref)

 

   17-22

1,603 (25.1)

154 (9.6)

0.95 (0.75-1.19)

0.87 (0.66-1.15)

25 (1.6)

0.80 (0.48-1.36)

 

   23-29

1,522 (23.8)

144 (9.5)

0.93 (0.74-1.18)

0.93 (0.69-1.26)

16 (1.1)

0.54 (0.30-0.98)

 

   30-54

1,552 (24.3)

114 (7.3)

0.71 (0.55-0.90)

0.61 (0.42-0.90) §

12 (0.8)

0.39 (0.20-0.77)

 

Education

       

   None

2737 (42.9)

296 (10.8)

1.00 (ref)

 

48 (1.8)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Class 1-10

2825 (44.3)

241 (8.5)

0.77 (0.64-0.92)

 

35 (1.2)

0.70 (0.45-1.09)

 

   Class 11-12

335 (5.2)

20 (6.0)

0.52 (0.33-0.84)

 

3 (0.9)

0.51 (0.16-1.63)

 

   More than Class 12

484 (7.6)

27 (5.6)

0.52 (0.33-0.84)

 

0 (0.0)

Model doesn't converge

 

Occupation

       

   Other than those below

5666 (88.8)

459 (8.1)

1.00 (ref)

 

73 (1.3)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Field Related

92 (1.4)

15 (6.3)

2.21 (1.26-3.87)

 

4 (4.4)

3.53 (1.26-9.88)

 

   Begging/Sex Work

19 (0.3)

5 (26.3)

4.05 (1.45-11.30)

 

1 (5.3)

4.32 (0.57-32.8)

 

   Unskilled Labor

605 (9.5)

105 (17.4)

2.38 (1.89-3.0)

 

8 (1.4)

1.17 (0.58-2.36)

 

Caste

       

   Forward

2398 (37.6)

198 (8.3)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

25 (1.0)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Backward

1572 (24.6)

164 (10.4)

1.29 (1.04-1.61)

1.03 (0.80-1.33)

31 (2.0)

1.91 (1.12-3.25)

 

   Scheduled

1315 (20.6)

125 (9.5)

1.17 (0.92-1.48)

1.29 (0.98-1.71)

18 (1.4)

1.32 (0.72-2.42)

 

   Scheduled Tribe

220 (3.4)

22 (10.0)

1.23 (0.78-1.96)

1.03 (0.61-1.73)

1 (0.5)

0.43 (0.06-3.21)

 

   None

877 (13.7)

75 (8.6)

1.04 (0.79-1.37)

0.70 (0.51-0.96) §

11 (1.3)

1.21 (0.59-2.46)

 

Place of Residence

       

   Rural

3,178 (49.8)

167 (5.3)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

41 (1.3)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Urban

3,204 (50.2)

417 (13.0)

2.70 (2.24-3.25)

3.62 (2.76-4.76) ||

45 (1.4)

1.09 (0.71-1.67)

 

Health and Hygiene

       

History of Transfusion

       

   No

5,873 (92.0)

517 (8.8)

1.00 (ref)

 

81 (1.4)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Yes

507 (7.9)

67 (13.2)

1.28 (0.95-1.72)

 

5 (1.0)

0.71 (0.29-1.77)

 

Toilet Facility at Home

       

   Own Flush

1,506 (23.7)

146 (9.7)

1.00 (ref)

 

9 (0.6)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Share Flush/Own Pit Toilet

1,982 (31.1)

236 (11.9)

1.26 (1.01-1.57)

 

33 (1.7)

0.66 (0.52-0.83)

 

   Share Pit Toilet

363 (5.7)

32 (8.8)

0.90 (0.60-1.34)

 

4 (1.1)

1.85 (0.57-6.05)

 

   None

2,512 (39.5)

166 (6.6)

0.66 (0.52-0.83)

 

39 (1.6)

2.62 (1.27-5.43)

 

Chew Tobacco

       

   Never

6,305 (98.9)

566 (9.0)

1.00 (ref)

 

83 (1.3)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Ever

67 (1.1)

17 (25.4)

1.77 (0.94-3.33)

 

2 (3.0)

2.31 (0.56-9.58)

 

Sexual Risk

       

Lifetime Male Partners

       

   0

759 (12.2)

30 (4.0)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

2 (0.3)

1.00 (ref)

 

   1

4,909 (78.9)

452 (9.2)

2.47 (1.69-3.60)

1.57 (0.91-2.73)

62 (1.3)

4.82 (1.18-19.76)

 

   >1

551 (8.9)

88 (15.6)

4.68 (3.04-7.20)

2.61 (1.39-4.87) §

18 (3.3)

13.23 (3.06-57.26)

 

Condom Use

       

   No sex in last 6 months

1449 (24.8)

143 (9.9)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

17 (1.2)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Sometimes/Often Use Condoms

124 (1.0)

21 (16.9)

1.86 (1.13-3.07)

1.12 (0.60-2.11)

4 (3.2)

2.81 (0.93-8.48)

 

   Never Use Condoms

4,653 (74.7)

406 (8.7)

0.87 (0.71-1.07)

0.69 (0.53-0.91) §

61 (1.3)

1.12 (0.65-1.92)

 

HIV/STI serostatus

       

HIV 1/2

111 (1.7)

66 (59.5)

16.29 (11.03-24.04)

14.07 (8.84-22.40) ||

21 (18.9)

22.28 (13.06-38.01)

8.19 (4.29-15.65) ||

HSV-2

584 (9.2)

-

  

44 (7.5)

11.17 (7.25-17.20)

6.33 (3.79-10.58) ||

Syphilis

86 (1.3)

44 (51.2)

11.17 (7.25-17.20)

6.66 (3.88-11.42) ||

-

  
  1. *Variables included in final HSV-2 model: lifetime male partners, condom use, HIV 1/2 serostatus, syphilis serostatus, age, SLI, caste, place of residence.
  2. †Variables included in final syphilis model: HIV 1/2 serostatus, HSV-2 serostatus, age
  3. ‡ Data missing for women: 2 for transfusion, 19 for toilet facility, 10 for chew tobacco, 163 for lifetime male partners, 156 for condom use, and 1 for education Reflects number who responded to all items in table; the total for sub-categories may not add up to 12,617 due to some missing data.
  4. §p < 0.05 in final model
  5. || p < 0.001 in final model
  6. Based on living conditions and assets, which was adapted from an index used previously by the National Health and Family Life Survey in India.[14]